One People? Tradition, Modernity and Jewish Unity

Overview

One People? is the first book-length study of the major problem confronting the Jewish future: the availability or otherwise of a way of mending the schisms between Reform and Orthodox Judaism, between religious and secular Jews in Israel, and between Israel itself and the diaspora-all of which have been deepened by the fierce and continuing controversy over the question of ‘who is a Jew?’

One People? is a study of the background to this and related controversies. It traces the fragmentation of Jewry in the wake of the Enlightenment, the variety of Orthodox responses to these challenges, and the resources of Jewish tradition for handling diversity. Having set out the background to the intractability of the problems, it ends by examining the possibilities within Jewish thought that might make for convergence and reconciliation. The Chief Rabbi employs a variety of disciplines-history, sociology, theology, and halakhic jurisprudence-to clarify a subject in which these dimensions are inextricably interwoven. He also explores key issues such as the underlying philosophy of Jewish law, and the nature of the collision between tradition and modern consciousness.

Index

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A

• Abarbanel, Don Isaac 139
• Abbaye 162 n.
• abortion 224
• Abraham, patriarch 201, 203, 205
• acceptance of the commands, in conversion xi, 184-5, 191-2
• Acha bar Yaacov, Rav 218
• Achad Ha’am 30, 70
• adjectival Judaism 18-43
• and change of consciousness 27-30
• adjectival Orthodoxy 40, 64, 99
• Adler, Chief Rabbi Nathan Marcus 67, 68
• After Virtue see MacIntyre
• aggadah
  • compared with halakhah 93-100
  • and principled defiance 162-5
• aggadic pluralism 92-100
  • alternative interpretations 98-100
  • and da’at torah 105
• Agudat Yisrael 4, 50-1, 79, 81, 83, 105 n.
• Akavia ben Mehalalel 163-4, 165
• Akiva, Rabbi 165, 215, 223
• Alkalai, Yehuda 4, 50
• am yisrael, as key term 3
  • see also peoplehood
• ambiguity see language
• American Assimilation or Jewish Revival? 12
• antisemitism
  • German 67, 69
  • Jewish 211-13
  • racial 2
  • trauma of 222
• apostasy 33, 90, 129, 180, 208
• Arama, Isaac 90, 139
• ‘argument for the sake of heaven’ 64
• Ashi, Rav 127, 216
• Ashkenazim and Sephardim 93, 150, 169, 191
• assimilation and acculturation 2, 28, 35, 71, 137, 212
  • see also secular culture, intermarriage
• Aszod, Judah 60
• authenticity 153, 157-9, 160
• authority, religious
  • decline of 24, 126, 147-8
  • and principled dissent 161-6
  • search for 100-6
• autonomous self
  • incompatible with mitzvah 100-1
  • and Judaism 157-9
  • and paradox of integrity 165-8
  • and Reform 214
  • see also modern self
• Avodah Zarah, tractate 58
• Azulai, Rabbi Chayyim Yosef 66

B

• Babel, tower of 3-6, 23, 200, 203
• babylonian exile x, 196
• Back to the Ghetto 212
• Bamberger, Rabbi Seligmann Baer 80, 81, 101-2
• Bar-llan, Meir 79
• Bar Kochba rebellion 206, 207
• Barcelona, Disputation of (1263) 93, 95 n.
• Berger, Peter 24, 25, 147, 155
• berit goral (covenant of fate) 6, 77-8, 86
• berit ye’ud (covenant of destiny) 77
• Berkovits, Eliezer 178, 179, 191, 220
• Berlin, Naftali Zvi Yehuda (the Netziv) 71, 79, 110 n.
• Bernstein, Rabbi Louis 40
• Bleich, Rabbi J. David 192, 193
• Bleich, Prof. Judith 55 n.
• Bloch, Rabbi Abraham Isaac 99
• Bnei-Braqism 109
• Borne, Ludwig 211
• Borochov, Ber 5
• Borowitz, Eugene 150 n., 158-9, 189
• boundaries of Judaism 44, 145-6, 216
  • and conversion and divorce 184, 187, 190
• Brenner, Joseph Chayyim 4-5
• Breuer, Isaac 51, 81, 83
• Breuer, Rabbi Solomon 50, 62, 81
• Brichto, Rabbi Sidney 191 n.
• Britain, Jews of
  • decorum in synagogue 54
  • English emancipation 65-9, 78
  • Liberal Judaism xi, 176
  • Orthodox Judaism x
  • Reform Judaism xi, 227
  • and Soviet and Ethiopian Jews 213
• Buber, Martin 14, 131, 170-1, 210
• burial, laws of 194

C

• canonicals 67, 68
• Caro, Rabbi Joseph 109, 192
• Chabad 74-5, 78, 101 n., 142, 225
• chadash asur min hatorah (the new is biblically forbidden) 59
• Chajes, Rabbi Zvi Hirsch 104, 167, 195, 221 n.
• chakham and chasid (sage and saint), typologies 111-13
• Chanina, Rabbi 19
• charedim (pietists) 40, 196, 212
• charity and fundraising I10, 36, 22
• chasidim see Hasidim
• Chatam Sofer see Sofer, Rabbi Moses
• Chazon Ish see Karelitz, Rabbi Abraham
• Chibbat Zion movement 71
• choirs, in synagogue 67
• chosen people, concept of 65
  • see also remnant of Israel
• Christianity
  • Maimonides on 222
  • separation from Judaism 39, 91,
• 169, 186-7, 193
• ‘church’, as sociological term 33, 89-90
• circumcision (milah) xi, 176, 184-5
• ‘civil Judasim’ 36
• Clermont-Tonerre, Count of 26, 27, 88
• coercion, abnegation of 218-19
• cognition and social change 125-8
• cognitive pluralism 144-5
• cohen see kohen
• Cohen, Jack J. 151 n.
• Cohen, Steven M. 12, 184
• collision of consciousness ix, 118, 141-68
• commandment (mitzvah)
  • and autonomous self 101 as key term 3
  • Rosenzweig and Fackenheim on 170-5
• common language, Jews divided by 3-6, 167-8
• compartmentalization (Hirsch) 55-6
• confrontation and conflict
  • halakhic resolutions 188-94
  • ‘Who is a Jew?’ controversy xi, 11, 116, 184-8, 192-3
  • imperatives to resolve 217-28
  • in Israel 180, 181, 196-7, 212, 224
  • nineteenth-century Jewish self- definition 14
  • in Orthodoxy 40-1, 64, 115, 212
  • see also fragmentation; schism congruence
  • between self and society 100, 160
  • between self and its expressions I53
• consequences, in legal decision 190
• Conservative Judaism, in United States x-xi
  • characterized 143
  • and conversion 185, 187, 190
  • differences with Orthodoxy 11, 46, 148
  • emergence 25, 30, 44
  • and ‘not-yet-Orthodoxy’ 175
  • and pluralism 214
• conversion to Judaism 116, 179, 184-8, 190-5, 224
  • Talmudic passage on 130, 192, 194
  • ‘Who is a Jew?’ controversy xi, 11, 116, 184-8, 192-3
• conversion, forced, from Judasim 123-4, 221
• conversos and marranos 33, 123, 141-2, 209
• covenant
  • in Book of Genesis 199, 203
  • conservation of 45-6
  • crises of: first 203-5; second 206-10; third 210-14
  • direction and scope of 46, 52
  • dualism, and ‘chosen remnant’ 206-10
  • faith and practice 153
  • inclusivism as rationale of 121-5, 215-16
  • keneset yisrael as bearer of 65
  • in post-Holocaust theology 38, 136-40, 156
  • see also berit goral; berit ye’ud; keneset yisrael
• Cuddihy, John Murray 10, 53
• cultural duress and excusable error 119, 125, 133, 152-3, 216, 221
  • see also tinok shenishbah
• culture, Torah as see derekh eretz

D

• da’at torah 103-6
• Darwinism, theological 209, 212-13
• David ibn Abi Zimra, Rabbi (Radbaz) 181
• Dead Sea Scrolls 206, 214
• decorum in synagogue 54, 59, 67
• denominations, Jewish
  • adjectival Judaism 18-43
  • denomination as term 24
  • Judaism and 30-31, 91
  • and misunderstanding about nature of Orthodoxy 31-5, 44
• derekh eretz and Torah 53-63, 72, 83, 85, 89, 98-9, 105
• Deutz, Emanuel, grand rabbin de France 67
• diaspora
  • and Holocaust 7, 137-8
  • and Israel 7-8, 197-8, 212, 227
  • and Law of Return 187-8, 192
  • and peoplehood I0-11
  • survival of 146-7, 227
  • and Zionism 197-8, 210
  • see also galut
• dietary laws (kashrut) 28, 110
• dissent see integrity
• divorce
  • Berkovitz on 179
  • and British Reform xi
  • and the kohen 156
  • and radical nineteenth-century Reform 28, 176
  • schismatic tendencies with regard to 183-8
  • search for agreement on 116, 188-90
  • in United States 12
• Dreyfus affair 26, 70
• dual Torah, Berkovits on 179
• Dubnow, Simon 213
• Durkheim, Emil 23, 30, 53
• Dworkin, Roland 122

E

• East European Jewry 69-78, 84, 225
• see also Hasidim
• Eckardt, A. Roy 8
• ecology, Jewish 216
• education, Jewish
  • day schools 85
  • and Hirsch 54-6, 59
  • as induction (chinukh) 215
  • and Reines 72
  • supreme importance of 219-20
• Elazar, Daniel 10, 36, 42
• Elberg, Rabbi Simcha 109
• Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, Rabbi 164-5
• Elijah, prophet 39, 82, 96, 123, 164
• elitism see sects and religious elitism
• emancipation of European Jewry viii, 2, 25-7, 28, 88
  • in Eastern Europe 69
  • in England and France 26-7, 65-9
  • and Holocaust 7
  • and Jewish identity 14, 130-1
  • Orthodox responses to 47-9, 53-8, 125, 166
• England, Jews of see Britain
• Enlightenment, the 1, 2, 9-10, 22, 26, 52, 88
  • Buber on 210
  • in Eastern Europe 69
  • and Holocaust 138
  • and Jewish identity 14
  • maskilim 61, 71, 72
  • Orthodox responses to 166-7
• Epistle on Martyrdom see Maimonides
• Epstein, Rabbi Yechiel Michel 114
• eretz yisrael, as key term 3
  • see also Israel
• eruvin, construction of 110
• Esau 201-3, 205, 209
• Ethiopian Jewry 194, 198, 213
• ethnicity 10,30
• Ettlinger, Rabbi Jacob 118-20, 124, 127-8, 133, 137, 216
• exclusivism 89-90, 141-2, 166, 167, 206, 214-15
• excommunication 27, 163-5, 180
• excusable error see cultural duress
• exile see galut
• exorcisms of Judaism, by Jews
• Ezekiel, prophet 49, 138-9

F

• Fackenheim, Emil 6, 8, 135-40, 151, 170-6, 179
• faith
  • after Holocaust 136, 138, 140
  • and obedience to command I60
  • in practical consensus 116-17
  • and practice, traditional 153
• faithful remnant see remnant of Israel
• fault-lines of divisiveness ix
• Feinstein, Rabbi Moses 188-90, 194 n., 195
• fence
  • around Jewish identity 127
  • for the Torah 59-60
• final solution see Holocaust
• ‘four cubits’
  • of halakah 62
  • of Jewish culture 57
• fragmentation of Jewry
  • as divine design 223
  • and Jewish values 86-7
  • and obsolescence of conflict 212
  • and social processes 137-8
  • see also confrontation and conflict; schism
• France, Jews of 26-7, 54, 66, 67-9, 70, 78
• Frank, Jacob 169
• Frankel, Zecharias 29-30
• Frankfurt, Jews of 54, 56-7, 62, 79-8I, 83, 102, 170
• Freud, Sigmund 2, 53
• Friedlander, David 131
• Friedmann, Georges 198
• fundamentalism 23
  • see also sects and religious elitism
• Furtado, Abraham 27
• The Future of the Jews see Vital

G

• galut (exile) 3, 6-7, 8, 29, 51
  • see also diaspora
• Gamliel, Rabban 164-5
• Geach, Peter 158 n.
• Geiger, Abraham 166-7
• Gemeinde Orthodoxy 81, 89
• Genesis, book of, analysis 199-203, 205, 216
• Germany, Jews of
  • and anti-semitism 67, 69
  • debate among, in nineteenth century x, 52-7, 62, 65-6
  • Orthodox secession 79-85
  • Protestrabbiner 50
  • Reform movement 28-30, 183
  • self-derogation by Jews 211
• Gershom, Rabbenu 119, 208
• Gersonides 218-19
• ge’ulah see redemption
• gezerot see restrictive legislation
• Glazer, Nathan 223
• Goffman, Erving 154
• Goldscheider, Calvin 12-13
• Goldstein, Dr David xii
• Graetz, Heinrich 48
• Graetz, Michael 54 n., 68
• Greenberg, Irving 8, 37-8, 135-40, 151, 156, 184
• Grodzinski, Rabbi Chayyim Ozer 120, 216
• Guttmacher, Rabbi Elijah 76

H

• Hacohen, Rabbi Israel Meir (Chafetz Chayyim) 108
• halakhah, passim
  • see separately conversion; divorce
  • as architecture of Jewish life 21, 214
  • argument and decision in 148-51
  • compared with aggadah 93-100
  • as constitution of a nation 176-83
  • and da’at torah 103-4
  • and definition of Jewishness 11-12
  • and derekh eretz 58
  • as divisive shibboleth 36
  • as ‘fence for the Torah’ 59-60
  • and German Reform 29
  • givenness of 157
  • Hirschensohn on 76-7
  • inclusivism 118-21
  • and integrity 160-8
  • leniency of 106-9, I14, 119, 128, 191-2
  • metahalakhic principles 220
  • and moderation I 11-14
  • pluralism within 145
  • and stringency 109- 10
  • universalism 106-9
  • see also Orthodoxy; Torah
• Halivni, David Weiss 94 n.
• Hame’asef (periodical) 52
• Haman, complaint to Ahasuerus 28
• Hamburg, Jews of 28, 47, 55
• Hameiri, Rabbi Menachem 143, 145
• hashkafah (outlook) 98
• Hasidim
  • divisions in past 21, 169
  • divisions in present 40, 84, 212
  • Hess on 71
  • and inclusivism 217, 225
  • leadership 101-2, 104
  • variations 92, 93
  • see also Chabad; Satmar
• Hebrew language, revived 223
• Hegel, Friedrich 100
• Heilman, Samuel 58
• Heine, Heinrich 53, 220
• Herberg, Will 31
• heresy
  • benediction against heretics 207
  • and boundaries of faith 145
  • and Chajes 167
  • and da’at torah 105
  • excused 134
  • exclusivist view 141
  • inclusivist view 119-28, 221
  • and Reform 34
  • rule against evil speech 218
  • see also excommunication
• Hertzberg, Arthur 13, 137
• Herzl, Theodor 26, 50, 70, 72, 211
• Heschel, A. J. 14
• Hess, Moses 4, 50, 69-71, 73, 131
• Hick, John 141
• ‘hiding of face of God’ 2, 3, 7, 37, 139, 204, 215
• Hildesheimer, Rabbi Azriel 81, 225, 226
• Hillel 191, 225
• Hillel and Shammai, schools of 42, 145, 149, 186, 191
• Hirsch, Samson Raphael
  • early years 68
  • followers of 49, 50, 62, 63
  • and Neo-Orthodoxy 14, 57
  • Nineteen Letters 47-9, 82
  • on Orthodox as term 31-2
  • and Orthodox secession 80-3, 101-2, 128, 166-7
  • and religious freedom 219
  • on revelation 46
  • and Torah im derekh eretz 53-9
• Hirschensohn, Rabbi Chaim 76-8, 79, 114, 132, 176-81, 195, 220
• history, Jewish
  • divine call in 227-8
  • divisions and dispersions 196, 204
  • and Jewish destiny 86
  • at times of crisis x
• Hoffman, Rabbi David Zvi 114, 120, 128, 216
• Holdheim, Samuel 29, 35, 167, 183
• Holocaust, the vii, viii
  • and berit goral 86
  • Final Solution 6, 227
  • Greenberg on 37-8
  • interpretations of 6-7
  • and Jewish consciousness 10, 77
  • loss of tradition 110
  • Orthodox recovery from 85, 225
  • and sense of isolation 108
• homosexuality 156, 176, 224
• Horovitz, Rabbi Marcus 81
• Hosea, prophet 203, 217
• Hungarian Jewry 54, 60, 65-6, 78-81, 84, 85
• Huppert, Uri 212

I

• lbn Ezra 94
• identity crisis, of modem man 23
• illegitimate descent in Jewish law see mamzerut
• inclusivism 116-40
  • and Book of Genesis 203
  • and desire for inclusion 128-33
  • and divorce 188-90
  • and exclusivism 214-17
  • halakhic 106-9, 118-21
  • impact of social change 125-8
  • imperatives to resolve conflict 217- 28
  • and paradox of integrity 165-8
  • and pluralism 151-4, 169, 214-17
  • and post-Holocaust theologies 133-40
  • principle of inclusivity 89-90
  • and rationale of covenant 121-5
  • as religious term 141-3
• integrity 153, 159
  • and function 160-1
  • paradox of 165-8
  • and tradition 161-5
• intermarriage 156-7, 160-1, 176, 185-6, 191
• ‘intermediate structures’ of Orthodoxy 85
• Isaac, patriarch 201-3, 205, 209
• Isaiah, prophet 123, 139, 203, 206
• Ishmael 201-3, 105
• Ishmael, Rabbi 98
• Islam 123, 143, 222
• Israel, State of
  • and berit goral 86
  • birth of viii, 37
  • current tendencies 227
  • da’at torah issues 103
  • Declaration of Independence 3, 5-6
  • growth of Orthodoxy ix, 109, 227
  • and Jewish unity 36, 37, 38
  • Law of Return see separately ‘Who is a Jew?’ controversy
  • Orthodox attitudes to 40, 85
  • Russian and Ethiopian immigrants 194
  • and secular and religious confrontation 180, 181, 196-7, 212, 224
  • significance of 7-9
  • and Six Day War 8, 10, 77
  • yoredim 11, 75 n.
  • see also diaspora; Zionism
• Israel Meir Hacohen, Rabbi (the Chafetz Chayyim) 108
• Isserles, Rabbi Moses 99, 125, 150
• Italy, Reform Judaism in 66

J

• Jabotinsky, Vladimir 211
• Jacob, patriarch 201-3, 204-5, 209, 210
• Jacobs, Rabbi Louis 151 n., 191 n.
• Jacobson, Dan 206
• Jakobovits, Lord xii, 192
• Jeremiah, prophet 49, 205, 208
• Klatzkin, Jacob 138
• Jewish denominations see denominations
• Jewish faith see faith
• Jewish fragmentation see fragmentation of Jewry
• Jewish history and destiny see history
• ‘Jewish problem, the’ 2
• Jewish Theological Seminary of America 30
• ‘Jewishness’, definition of 2, 11, 14-16
  • see also ‘Who is a Jew?’
• Jochanan, Rabbi 119, 208, 216
• Jochanan ben Zakkai, Rabban 165
• Joseph 144-5, 202-3, 223
• Josephus Flavius 193
• Judah Halevi 47, 75, 139
• Judah, Rabbi 124, 208
• Judaism as a Civilization 30
• Judaism
  • boundaries of 144, 145-6, 216; and
  • conversion and divorce 184, 187, 190
  • mission of 29, 48, 50
  • ‘Judaism’, the word 53, 57

K

• kabbalat hamitzvot see acceptance of commands
• Kahana, Rabbi 155
• Kalischer, Rabbi Zvi Hirsch 4, 50, 76
• Kant, Immanuel 2, 53, 100, 156, 157
• Kaplan, Mordecai 30, 70, 151 n., 172
• Karaites
  • exclusivist view of 141-2
  • in Jewish schools 226
  • Maimonides on 119, 142, 216, 225
  • schism with Rabbanites 39, 91, 169
  • uncertain status of 193
• Karelitz, Rabbi Abraham (the Chazon Ish) 110, 120, 125-8, 216, 218
• kashrut (dietary laws) 28, 110
• Katz, Jacob 53
• Katz, Steven 9
• Kaufmann, Yechezkel 211
• kehillah (community) 27, 67-8, 83, 102, 215
• Kellner, Menachem 15
• keneset yisrael (totality of Jews) as bearer of covenant 65
  • Buber on 210
  • as ‘church’ 32-3, 34, 89-92
  • as community of birth 122, 140
  • and da’at torah 106
  • Soloveitchik on 78
  • see also covenant
• Klatzkin, Jacob 138
• Koestler, Arthur 198, 213
• kohen, sanctity of 156
• Kook, Rabbi Avraham Hacohen
  • ambiguity of writing 14
  • death of 77
  • on heresy 120, 125-8
  • as inclusivist 142, 216
  • on ‘light of prophecy’ 182-3, 222
  • mysticism of, and Jewish unity 71, 72-4
  • on nefesh and ruach 132-3
  • as peacemaker 81-2
  • and pluralism 143, 145
  • on teshuvah 73, 175
  • on Torah and secular culture 61-2
  • on his unique generation 195
  • on Zionism 51, 76, 221-2, 225, 226
• Krochmal, Nachman 167

L

• Lamm, Rabbi Norman 225
• Langer, Jiri 131
• language, of Judaism
  • conceptual ambiguity of 3-6, 13-16, 167-8
  • Orthodoxy as language of faith 92-3, 97, 115, 117, 217
  • rhetoric of conflict 211, 212
  • imperative of moderation 217-8
  • and language of discourse 219-20
• Law of Return see ‘Who is a Jew?’
• Leibowitz, Yeshayahu 178-9, 197, 228 n.
• leniency, halakhic 106-9, 114, 119, 128, 191-2
• Levy, Marion J. 63
• Liberal Judaism, British xi, 176
  • liberal Judaism (general term)
  • and autonomous self 158-9
  • conflicting tendencies 224
  • and halakhic argument 148-51
  • inclusivist approach to 220-4
  • and integrity 160-1, 166-8
  • pluralism vs. inclusivism 151-4
  • positive consequences of 222-3
  • and role of choice 156-7
• Liberles, Robert 69
• Lichtenstein, Rabbi Aharon 41
• Liebman, Charles 13, 34, 56, 111, 113
• lifnim mishurat hadin (‘beyond the letter of the law’) 114,115,217
• Lipman, Dr Vivian xii
• Lithuanian yeshivot 60-1, 84
• Littman, Louis xii
• liturgical innovation 176
• The Lonely Man of Faith see Soloveitchik, Rabbi Joseph
• Lubavitch movement see Chabad
• Luria, Rabbi Shlomo 99

M

• Maccabean revolt x, 196, 206
• Maccoby, Hyam 93 n., 95 n.
• MacIntyre, Alasdair 1-2, 13, 17, 155-6, 219-20
• Mairnon, Rabbi Judah Leib 180
• Maimonides
  • on aim of rabbinic legislation 107, 108
  • on apostasy 129
  • on chakham and chasid 111-13
  • on charity 222
  • on Christianity and Islam 143, 161, 222
  • on conversion and heresy 123-5, 142, 193, 209, 221
  • on divorce 33-4, 128
  • disputes involving 9 1, 115, 169
  • Epistle on Martyrdom 76, I23, 209, 221
  • Epistle to Yemen 209
  • ‘four cubits of halakhah’ 62
  • on Karaites 119, 142, 216, 225
  • on law of rebel 162
  • ‘Laws of Kings’ 178
  • on legal interpretation 94-5
  • legal perspectives in 177
  • on prophets and sages 104
  • on rabbinic authority 220
  • on reproof and coercion 218
  • on Sabbath desecration 225
  • to sages of Marseilles 223
  • on Sanhedrin 150, 180
  • to Shmuel ibn Tibbon 101
  • re Torah and derekh eretz 98
• Mainz, Moses 80
• mamzerut (illegitimate descent in Jewish law) 156, 183-4, 188-9, 195
• Manasseh, King 127, 216
• marranos see conversos and marranos
• marriage, eligibility for see conversion; divorce; intermarriage
• Marx, Karl 2, 50, 53, 211
• maskilim see Enlightenment
• Mauthner, Fritz 211
• Meir, Rabbi 124, 208
• Mekhilta, the 19
• Mekhilta derabbi shimon bar yochai 20, 207
• Menasseh ben Israel 26
• Mendelssohn, Moses 27, 82
• messianic age 8, 51, 72, 93
• metahalakhic principles, in Talmud 220
• Meyer, Michael A. 28 n.
• midrash (inner biblical exegesis) 94 n., 205
• migrations, mass Jewish viii, 110
• mikveh, immersion in (tevilah) xi, 184
• milah (circumcision) xi, 176, 184-5
• Mill, John Stuart 23
• minhag avoteihem beyadeihem (following ancestors’ customs) 119, 133
• Mishnah
  • and ‘argument for the sake of heaven’ 64
  • and concept of Orthodoxy 145
  • and Jewish-Gentile relationships 58
  • and ‘fence for the Torah’ 59
• mission of Judaism 29, 48, 50
• mitzvah see commandment
• mixed marriages see intermarriage
• Mizrachi movement 79, 81
• Mizrachi, Rabbi Elijah 226
• moderation, as religious norm 111-14
• Modern Orthodoxy 57, 62, 89, 216
• modern self 154-6, 171-5, 188-90
  • see also autonomous self
• Moses 39, 45, 123, 201, 203, 217
• musar (ethical discipline) 61

N

• Nachmanides 47, 94, 139, 149 n., 162, 204, 222
  • and Barcelona Disputation 93
• Napoleon Bonaparte 27, 67
• Nathan, Rabbi 164
• Nathanson, Rabbi Joseph Saul 120, 216
• Neo-Orthodoxy 14, 57, 63, 84
• Neology (Reform movement) 79
• Neusner, Jacob 9, 137, 198
• Nietszche, Friedrich Wilhelm 2, 23, 86, 100
• ‘non-denominational non-Orthodoxy’ 170
• Nordau, Max 26
• ‘not-yet-Orthodoxy’ 174-5, 195

O

• Oakeshott, Michael 154
• optimism and pessimism, regarding unity xii, 16-17, 183
• Orthodox Judaism, in United States
  • divisions within 41
  • growing influence of ix
  • and growth of yeshivot 109
  • and Modern Orthodoxy 57, 62, 89, 216
  • secessionist pattern in 85
• Orthodoxy, passim; see separately
  • conversion; divorce adjectival 40, 64, 99
  • boundary principles of 44, 117
  • characterized 143
  • fragmentation within 40-1, 64, 115, 212
  • Gemeinde 89
  • history, culture, and 44-64
  • and inclusivism 84
  • and integrity 160-1, 166-8
  • and Jewish peoplehood 65-87
  • and Jewish unity 39-43
  • as a language 92-3, 117
  • Modern 57, 62, 89, 216
  • mutual misunderstanding with Reform 31-5
  • nineteenth-century rhetoric of 14
  • and ‘not-yet-Orthodoxy’ 174, 195
  • ‘Orthodox’ as term 27, 31
  • and pluralism 31, 143-8
  • and secession 79-85, 89, 101-2, 135
  • survival and growth ix-x, 12, 138, 184, 227
  • see also halakhah; schism; sects

P

• patrilineal principle xi, 11, 186, 190, 193, 224
• Paul of Tarsus 206
• peoplehood passim
  • am yisrael, as key term 3
  • beyond parameters of halakhah 194
  • concept of 9-13
  • Holocaust and Israel 147
  • moral-mystical dimension 20-1
  • and Orthodox dialectic 133
  • and Orthodoxy 65-87
  • and sanctity of Jewish people 226-7
  • see also unity
• Pinsker, Leon 70
• pluralism
  • and concept of unity 89-91, 169
  • and denomination 24-5, 30-1
  • and divorce 188-90
  • and exclusivism 214-17
  • and inclusivism 151-4, 214-17
  • and paradox of integrity 167-8
  • and post-Holocaust theology 135-40
  • as religious term 141
  • and secessionist Orthodoxy 85
  • social context of 145-8
  • and other faiths, in Genesis 201
  • and tradition 143-5
• Podhoretz, Norman 10
• positivism 149 n.
• post-Holocaust theology 133-40, 171-2
• premarital sex 224
• Pressburg 60, 61, 62, 82
• principled dissent 161-6
• Protestrabbiner 50

R

• rabbinic Judaism
  • and aggadah 95-7
  • and apostasy 33
  • and chosen remnant 207-10
  • and concept of integrity 161-5
  • and derekh eretz 57-8
  • ‘dina demalkhuta dina‘ 29
  • emergence of 2
  • Greenberg on 37, 38
  • and idea of unity 18-21, 42, 217
  • midrash 94 n., 205
  • pluralism within 143-5
  • and language of respect 217
  • see also Maimonides
• Rabinovitch, Rabbi Nachum, xii, 121, 192, 219, 226 n.
• Rappaport, Rabbi Solomon Judah i67
• Rashbam 94
• Rashi 94, 129, 191, 208
• Rathenau, Walter 211
• Rav 208
• Rava 162
• rebellious elder, case of the 162, 165
• Reconstructionist Judaism x, 30, 44, 46, 70, 172
• redemption (geulah) 3, 37, 72, 74, 75
• Reform Judaism, passim; see separately
  • conversion; divorce in Britain x-xi
  • characterized 29 n., 143
  • as counter-assimilatory force 131, 134
  • differences with Orthodoxy 46, 152
  • in Eastern Europe (historical) 69
  • in England and France (historical) 65-9
  • emergence of 2, 24-5, 27-30
  • in Germany and Hungary (historical) 65-6, 79-80
  • Hirsch and Chajes on 166-7
  • misunderstanding of and by Orthodoxy J1-5
  • and ‘not-yet-Orthodoxy’ 175
  • and pluralism 214, 215
  • rhetoric, in nineteenth century 14, 146
  • tendencies, contemporary 223-4 unexpected persistence of 184
  • in United States x-xi: divorce and conversion 183-8; growth 227; institutional change 176; integrity and function 160-1; patrilineal principle 11, 186, 190, 193, 224; search for coexistence with 116
  • see also Conservative Judaism, Liberal Judaism, Reconstructionalist Judaism
• Reines, Rabbi Isaac 51, 71-2, 75-6, 79, 132, 221, 225, 226
• ‘rejection of rejection’ 199-203
• religious elitism see sects and religious elitism
• remnant of Israel
  • accidental or chosen 204-5
  • after the Holocaust 136
  • attitudes to in nineteenth century 211
  • ‘faithful’ 108-9
  • and sectarian dualism 206-10, 212
• Resh Lakish 208
• restrictive legislation, halakhic 59-60, 77, 178
• revelation
  • and berit ye’ud 77
  • and historical progress 46
  • law as primary content of 115
  • Rosenzweig and Fackenheim on 174
  • and study 219
• ritual immersion (tevilah) xi, 184
• Ritva 126 n.
• Robertson, Roland 89
• Roman oppression 19-20, 139
• Rome and Jerusalem (Hess) 50, 73
• Rosenheim, Jacob 56
• Rosenzweig, Franz 131, 170-5, 179-80, 195
• Russia and Soviet Union, Jews of 10-11, 70, 71, 194, 198, 213

S

• Sa’adia Gaon 21, 35, 36, 90
• Sabbath laws and their breach 28, 118-21, 124, 128, 133, 176, 190 n.
• sage and saint, typologies 111-13
• Salanter, Rabbi Israel 61
• Samaritans 39, 152, 167, 193
• sanctity, of Jewish people 226
• Sanhedrin, end of 150, 179, 180
• ‘Sanhedrin’, in France 27, 67
• Sartre, Jean-Paul 152, 156
• Satmar Hasidim 6, 60, 75
• saved and condemned, the see remnant of Israel
• Schick, Moses 60
• Schiffman, Prof. Lawrence 186-7
• schism, in Jewish past 39, 91, 117, 146, 169, 193
• schism, potential, between Orthodoxy and Reform 116-18, 169-95
  • attempts to avoid: non-Orthodox 170-6; Orthodox 176-83
  • collision of consciousness 141-68
  • ‘divided unity’ 195
  • inclusivist recommendations 217-28
  • incompatible concepts 169-70
  • neutralizing device 133-4
  • outstanding problems 183-8; and their resolution 188-94
  • and pluralism 146, 148, 152-3, 167-8
• schism, within Orthodoxy 40-1, 64, 115, 212
• see also excommunication; fragmentation of Jewry; heresy
• Schneerson, Rabbi Menachem Mendel 75, 225
• Schneerson, Rabbi Shalom Baer 75
• Scholem, Gershom 59, 131, 213
• Schwab, Rabbi Simon 99
• Schweid, Eliezer 8, 224
• ‘Science of Judaism’ 131, 222
• ‘seamless robe’ view of Judaism 105
• secession see Orthodoxy
  • sects and religious elitism beyond sectarianism 114-15
  • characteristics of sects 25, 83
  • consequences of secession 82-5
  • elite piety 91; and religiosity 110-11
  • halakhah applied to aggadah 99-100, 115
  • in Israel 181
  • the sages on 208
  • search for stringency 109-11
  • voluntary stringency 114, 115, 217
• secular culture and secularization, passim
  • accommodation to: in England and France 66-9; after Holocaust 85;
  • as religious strategy 24-5, 29, 30- 1, 83, 146
  • deepening impact of 147
  • and emancipation 25-7
  • as fact not value 87
  • of halakhah 150-1
  • in Israel 180, 181, 196-7, 212, 224
  • and persistence of religion 22-4
  • resistance to: as religious strategy 24-5, 83; and Orthodox strategies 44
  • secular Jewish identities 2
  • of unity 35-9
  • see also derekh eretz; Hirsch, S. R.
• secular Judaism, contemporary
  • conflicting tendencies in 224
  • inclusivist approach to 220-4
  • positive consequences of 222-3
• selfhood see autonomous self; modern self; traditional Jewish self
• Sephardim
  • and Ashkenazim 93, 150, 169
  • Syrian Sephardim 191
• Shabbatai Zvi 169
• Shammai see Hillel and Shammai
• Shaw, Bernard 6
• shekhinah, the 227
• she’erit hapeleitah, she’erit yisrael see remnant of Israel
• Shimon bar Yochai, Rabbi 98, 217
• Shimon ben Adret, Rabbi 107
• Shimon ben Zemach Duran, Rabbi 98-9
• Shulchan Arukh, the 79, 109
• Sifra, the 207, 208
• Silberman, Charles 12
• Six Day War (1967) 8, 10, 77
• sociology of religion, terminology of 33, 89-90
• Sofer, Rabbi Abraham 51, 60, 62
• Sofer, Rabbi Moses (the Chatam Sofer)
  • and secession 65, 81, 82-3, 177, 195
  • and secular culture 59-60, 63, 125
  • and Zionism 47-9
• Soloveichik, Rabbi Chayyim 62, 78
• Soloveitchik, Rabbi Joseph
  • on berit goral and berit ye’ud 6, 77-8, 132
  • on conversion and Jewish identity 194
  • Halakhic Man 160, 173-4
  • The Halakhic Mind 144
  • on Israel’s independence 4
  • The Lonely Man of Faith 15, 62, 84-5
  • and Mizrachi 79
  • on teshuvah 175
• Soviet Jews see Russia
• Spain, Jews of x, 123, 213
• Spektor, Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan 114
• Spinoza, Baruch de 2, 4, 5, 28, 29, 35, 138, 224
• status, Jewish
  • ambiguities of, in past 193
  • basic halakhic determinants of 116
  • see also conversion; divorce
• Steinsalz, Rabbi Adin 225
• Steinschneider, Moritz 131
• strategies, of Jewish thought 13-16
• strategy, halakhic, on unity 119, 133-4, 141
• Strawson, Peter 97, 115, 159
• stringency, in halakhah 109-11, 115, 217
• see also restrictive legislation subjectivism, compared with pluralism 142
• Sulamith (periodical) 52
• survival, as Jewish imperative 135-9
• survival strategy, of Orthodox separatism 85, 92
• Syrkin, Nachman 5

T

• Teitelbaum, Rabbi Joel 6, 51, 213
• Temple, second, times of x, 2, 19, 169, 196, 206
• teshuvah (return) 73, 175
• tevilah (ritual immersion) xi, 184
• theological Darwinism 209, 212-3
• theology, Jewish
  • Greenberg on Jewish unity 36-9
  • past-Holocaust 133-40, 171-2
  • and State of Israel 9
• tinok shenishbah
  • and apostasy 33
  • generalization of concept 125
  • as halakhic strategy 119, 133-4, 216 and language of respect 218
  • and Reform 34, 224
• Torah
  • as code or culture 52-4
  • as constitution of a people 207
  • ‘fence for’ 59-60
  • as key term 3
  • ‘not in heaven’ 104, 164
  • as ‘portable fatherland’ 220
  • as revealed legislation 157
  • Sa’adia Gaon on 21
  • Torah im derekh eretz 53-63, 72, 83, 85, 89, 98-9, 105
  • and unity 20, 41-2
• Torah vada’at yeshiva 72
• tosafists 126, 191
• tradition, and diversity 88- 115
• traditional Jewish self 156-7
• Twersky, Isidore 209-10

U

• Ullman, Salomon, grand rabbin de France 68
• United States, Jews of (general) civil Judaism 10, 15-16
• community trends 12-13
  • conflict, unnecessary 212
  • emergence of denominations 169
  • intermarriage and divorce 12- 13, 160-1, 183-7, 190-1
  • see separately Conservative Judaism in United States; Orthodox Judaism in United States; Reconstructionist Judaism; Reform Judaism in United States
• unity, Jewish, passim
  • desire for 227-8
  • ‘divided unity’ paradox 195
  • incompatible conceptions of 89, 153, 169
  • Orthodoxy and 39-41
  • pessimism and optimism regarding xii, 16-17, 183
  • as religious concept xii, 41-3, 198-9
  • secularization of 35-9
  • see also peoplehood
• Uziel, Rabbi Ben-Zion 114

V

• virtues of modernity 153
• Vital, David xi-xii, 9, 198
• Volozhiner, Rabbi Chayyim 60
• Volozhyn yeshiva 60-1, 62, 71

W

• Warsaw Ghetto uprising 8 n.
• Wasserman, Rabbi Elchanan 221 n.
• Weber, Max 22, 25
• Weinberg, Rabbi Yechiel 114, 226
• Wessely, Naftali Herz 54 n.
• West London Synagogue (Reform) 67
• ‘Who is a Jew?’ controversy xi, II, II6, 184-8, 192-3
  • and Law of Return xi, 187-8, 192-3, 195
• Williams, Bernard 158 n.
• Wilson, Bryan 25, 147
• women 40, 176, 178, 179, 220
  • see also conversion; divorce; intermarriage
• Woocher, Jonathan 10-11, 15-16
• Wuerzburger Rav, the see Bamberger
• Wyschogrod, Michael 122, 165 n., 210

Y

• yeshivot 60-1, 92, 109, 217, 225
  • leadership 84, 101-5, 212
• Yiddish 52, 58, 211
• yoredim 11, 75 n.

Z

• Zalman, Rabbi Shneur 74, 101 n.
• zealots and Hellenizers 39
• Zera, Rabbi 209
• Zionism
• Agudat Yisrael 4, 50-1, 79, 81, 83
  • conflicting expectations of 196-7
  • and diaspora 197-8, 210
  • and Dreyfus affair 26, 70
  • in Eastern Europe 69-74
  • emergence of 2
  • First Congress 26, 50
  • Hamburg Temple 28, 47
  • Hasidic attitudes (contemporary) 75
  • Herzl 26, 50, 70, 72, 211
  • and Holocaust interpretation 6-7
  • Kook’s vision 61, 72-4
  • Orthodox attitudes (historical) 44, 47-52
  • polemics 14; and dissension 79
  • positive and negative stances in 83-4
  • religious Zionism, as synthesis 85, 89
  • secular 50-1, 88, 131, 146, 211, 215, 223
  • split between faith and action in 4-5
  • Tenth Congress 79
  • theological neglect of 9
  • see also Israel, State of