The Politics of Hope

Overview

In The Politics of Hope Jonathan Sacks proposes a new understanding of society, based on covenant as well as contract. This, he argues, creates a new politics of responsibility in which families, neighbourhoods, communities, voluntary organisations and religious groups all have a part to play. How, he asks, do we move from social breakdown to the politics of hope?

Index

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A

• abortion 28, 113, 131, 186
• Abraham 58, 155, 215
• Abrahams, Israel: Hebrew Ethical Wills 87-8
• Acton, Lord 67-8
• Adam 57-8, 61, 85, 86
• adultery 194
• Alsace: anti-Jewish riots 98
• altruism 206-7, 228, 237
• animal liberation campaign 28
• anti-Semitism 98-101, 175, 256, 268
• apocalyptic views 11, 258-9, 260
• Aries, Philippe: Centuries of Childhood 83
• Aristotle 49, 56, 176, 178, 205, 219-20
  • Nicomachean Ethics 207, 222-3
• Arnold, Matthew 25
  • Culture and Anarchy 56
• associations, formation of 55-9, 106, 167-70, 205-7
• autonomy 33, 36, 39, 85, 86, 130, 144, 145, 177, 234
  • Kantian 90, 101, 105, 121, 142, 176
  • Sartrean 95-6
• Axelrod, Robert xiv, 206, 237
• Ayer, A. J.: Language, Truth and Logic 31, 95, 96, 121, 180

B

• Bar Kochba rebellion 153, 157, 159
• Bell, Daniel 120
• Bellah, Robert 49
  • Habits of the Heart 2-3, 231, 258
• Benedict, Ruth: Patterns of Culture 116
• Bennett, William J. 11n, 178
• The Book of Virtues 178-9
• The De-valuing of America 178
• Index of Leading Cultural Indicators 7n
• Bentham, Jeremy 91-2, 100, 101
• Berger, Peter 84 (and H. Kellner)
  • Sociology Reinterpreted 159
• Berlin, Isaiah 35, 47, 121
  • Four Essays on Liberty ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’ 33-4, 113, 243-4
• Bible, the 30, 57-8, 61-2, 85, 86, 150, 151, 155, 156, 215, 258, 259-60
• Bickerton, Derek 220
• Blair, Tony xi-xii
• Bloom, Allan: The Closing of the American Mind 34, 183
• Bloom, Harold: A Map of Misreading 254-5
• Bodin, Jean: The Six Books of a Commonwealth 55
• Bradley, F. H. 223
• brain size 238-9
• Brien, Alan 30
• British Medical Association: ‘survival handbook’ 125
• Buber, Martin 99
• Bulger, James 7, 25
• Burke, Edmund 49, 183, 223, 239
  • Reflections on the Revolution in France 80, 103, 114, 116, 140, 182-3, 191, 204, 225-6

C

• Calvinism 83
• capitalism 41, 83, 104, 117, 124, 127-8, 235, 240, 241, 242
• Cardozo, Justice 120
• Carey, Dr George, Archbishop of Canterbury 19-22, 23, 211, 212
• Catholicism
  • and emancipation 72-3, 140
  • and individualism 83
• CBS 9
• Chalmers, Thomas 119
  • Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns 252
• character, human
  • and social change 78-90, 133
  • Victorian focus on 249-55, 256-7
• charity/charities 118-20
  • Victorian 74-5, 119, 245, 251-2
• Chesterton, G. K. 183, 256
• children 10-11
  • and crime 17-18, 22, 186
  • education of 15, 18-19, 20, 37
  • and family breakdown 2, 10, 127, 185-97
  • illegitimate 10, 125, 126-7, 186
  • and nationalisation of responsibility 132-4
  • in Victorian era 248-9
  • see also education; schools
• Chomsky, Noam 218
  • church, the 8, 20
  • and the state 68-70, 73, 76, 136-7
  • see also religion
• Churchill, Sir Winston 30
• civil society xiv
• Clermont-Tonnerre, Count of 98-9
• Clinton, Bill xi-xii, 128
• Cobain, Kurt 11
• Coleman, James xiii-xiv
• Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 25, 247
• collectivism 4, 47, 48
• Colquhoun, Patrick 247
• communism 123-4, 235; see also Marx, Karl
• communitarianism xiv, 48-9, 62-3, 170-2, 190-1, 193, 229-32
• communities
  • disintegration of xv, 234
  • importance of xiv, xv, 15, 136, 224-5, 245-6, 268
  • see also communitarianism
• congregations xiv
• conscience 37, 66, 70-2
• consumer ethic 240-41
• covenantal bond xvi-xvii
• covenantal relationships xiv
• covenants 12, 61-4, 206, 266
  • of Judaism 100, 101
• crime xii, 2, 9, 12, 13, 17-18, 22, 48, 124-5, 126, 186, 246-7, 248, 253, 264

D

• Darwin, Charles 92, 206, 237
  • The Descent of Man 237n
• Defoe, Daniel 246
• democracy 37, 41, 47, 60, 166-7
• demoralisation 14, 26
• Denney, Reuel see Riesman, David
• Dennis, Norman 49, 190 (and A. H. Halsey)
  • English Ethical Socialism 226
• depressive illness 48, 125-6, 133, 186, 188
• Descartes, Rene 82, 180
• Devlin, Lord Patrick: The Enforcement of Morals 1, 75-6, 158
• Diana, Princess 12
• Dickens, Charles 25, 185-7, 189, 191;
  • Bleak House 107
  • Oliver 256
  • Our Mutual Friend 256
• Dio 153, 159
• Disraeli, Benjamin 255
  • Sybil 245-6, 247, 249
• divorce 10, 12, 110, 125, 187-8, 192 see also families, breakdown of
• Donne, John 196
• Draper, John William: History of the American Civil War 82
• Dunblane primary school massacre 12
• Durkheim, Emile: The Division of Labour in Society 161
• duties
  • of citizens 62, 63
  • and rights 130, 131, 241
• Dworkin, Ronald 29
  • Law’s Empire 205
  • Life’s Dilemma 200

E

• ecological perspectives 224-5,
• economic growth 235
• education xii, 206
  • and Judaism 155-8, 160
  • and morality 175-84
  • see also schools
• egalitarianism 202-3, 205
• Eichmann, Adolf 107
• Elazar, Daniel: People and Polity 63
• Eleazar 87-9, 96
• Eliezer, Rabbi 150-2, 157
• Eliot, George: Daniel Deronda 255-6
• Eliot, T. S. 25, 183, 256
• emancipation 72-3, 76, 140
• emotivism 31-3, 121
• employment xii, 13
• emunah 63
• Engels, Friedrich 104
  • The Origin of the Family 93
• Enlightenment, the 13, 32, 99-108, 142, 144, 146, 170, 179-80, 217-18, 219, 229, 262-3
• Essenes 154, 156, 157, 159, 160
• Etzioni, Amitai 49, 171
• The Spirit of Community 171
• Eurobarometer survey (1990) 131
• euthanasia 131
• existentialism 95-6, 215

F

• faith xv
• families
  • breakdown of xii, xv 2, 10, 18, 22, 48, 125-7, 234
  • importance of xiv, xv, 37, 44-5, 101-2, 130-1, 136, 168, 191-2, 263-4
  • and morality 101-4, 120, 121, 185-97, 212-13
  • strengthening of 192-7, 224, 248, 249, 252, 264-5
• Ferguson, Adam x, 91, 137
• Field, Frank 126, 254
• Fielding, Henry 246- 7
• ‘final solution’ 33, 34
• Fitzgerald, F. Scott 256
• forgiveness 238, 239
• Foucault, Michel: The Order of Things 244
• Franklin, Benjamin 253
• fraternity 62, 114, 137, 202, 205-7
• freedom see liberty
• French Revolution 49, 80-1, 82, 98, 123, 202
• Freud, Sigmund 93, 94, 95, 116
  • Totem and Taboo 94
• Friedman, Milton 2
• friendships see relationships
• Fukuyama, Francis xiii-xiv, 124
  • The Great Disruption 235n
  • Trust … 41, 124, 135, 192, 226

G

• Gaebler, Ted see Osborne, David
• Galbraith, John Kenneth: The Culture of Contentment 128, 129
• games theory xiv, 235, 236
• Gauguin, Paul 143
• Gellner, Ernest: Conditions of Liberty 123, 137n
• ‘Generous’ 238
• Giddens, Anthony xvi
• Gladstone, W. E.: The State in its Relations with the Church 68, 69-70, 71
• Glazer, Nathan see Riesman, David
• Glendon, Mary Ann: Rights Talk 29, 139
• globalisation xii
• Godwin, William 102-3
• Gombrich, Ernst 177
• Gorbachev, Mikhail 124
• government see state, the
• Graeff, Roger: Living Dangerously 17
• Gray, John 11, 49, 195;
  • After Social Democracy 172, 190-1, 192
  • Enlightenment’s Wake 142
• Greece, ancient 39, 49, 56, 64, 66, 67, 165, 196, 222-3
• Greene, Graham 256
• Gurr, Ted Robert 248
• Gusdorf, Georges 77

H

• Hadrian, Emperor 153
• Halevi, Judah 223
• Halsey, A. H. 49, 126, 189, 190, 226
• Hand, Judge Learned: ‘The Spirit of Liberty’ 43
• Handy, Charles: The Empty Raincoat 128
• happiness, pursuit of 202, 207-8, 209
• Havel, Vaclav 124
  • Living in Truth 109
• Hayek, Friedrich A. 111n, 138n, 191
  • The Constitution of Liberty 204-5
  • The Fatal Conceit 182
• Hegel, G. W. F. 99, 101, 107, 223
• Heidegger, Martin 99-100
• Herder, Johann Gottfried 103-4
• Herrnstein, Richard J. see Wilson, James Q.
• Herzl, Theodor 174-5
  • Altneuland 175
• Hill, Christopher 82
• Himmelfarb, Gertrude 49
  • The De-moralization of Society 257
  • On Liberty and Liberalism . . . 111n, 255
  • On Looking into the Abyss 123
• Hirschmann, A. O. 117
• Hitler, Adolf 107
• Hobbes, Thomas xiii, 49
  • Leviathan 58-60, 81, 91, 100, 103, 114, 133, 135, 136, 146, 170, 249, 264
• Hobhouse, L. T.: Liberalism … 198, 209
• Hobsbawm, Eric: Age of Extremes 11
• Holocaust, the 34, 35, 268
• homosexuality, laws on 112-13
• hope and optimism 266-9
• Hughes, Robert 132
• Hulme, T. E.: Speculations 117-18
• Hume, David x, 90, 91, 94-5, 100, 105, 121
  • Treatise of Human Nature 89-90, 95, 101

I

• individual, the 33, 76, 103, 105, 163-5, 177
  • and associations 55-60
  • and the state xii, 49-50, 60, 71-2, 105, 132-3, 161
  • see also individualism
• individualism 47, 48, 77-86, 95-7, 105, 110-11, 120, 121, 124, 166, 177-8
  • in Victorian era 249-50
• industrial revolution 60, 74, 240, 246, 248
• institutions 57, 64, 73, 212-13
  • as mediating structures 44
  • post-war changes in 36, 37, 38
  • see families; marriage etc.
• Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma xiv, 237, 239, 242

J

• Jacobs, Jane: The Death and Life of Great American Cities 51
• Jakobovits, Lord 200
• James, Oliver 8
• Japanese 126, 242
• Jefferson, Thomas 100, 250-1
• Jerusalem 152-3, 154-5
• Jews and Jewish civilisation 56, 61, 64, 66-7, 87-9, 200-1, 222-3
  • and anti-Semitism 98-101, 175, 256, 268
  • emancipation of 72-3
  • and immigration to Britain xv, 255-6
  • see also Judaism
• Jochanan ben Zakkai, Rabban 154
• Johnson, Dr Samuel 250
• Josephus 153-4
• Joshua ben Gamla 155
• Judaeo-Christian tradition 13, 26, 37, 93, 95, 108, 219, 238, 260-1, 262, 268
• Judaism 88, 100, 101, 149-58, 159-60, 165, 260, 268
  • see also Bible, the
• justice 162-3, 165, 238

K

• Kant, Immanuel 90-1, 94-6, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 107, 121, 142, 144, 176, 201
• Kaus, Mickey: The End of Equality 202-3
• Kellner, Hansfried see Berger, Peter
• Kennedy, Robert 170-1
• Keynes, John Maynard 2
• kibbutzim 154n, 191
• King, Martin Luther 43
• kinship 62, 74, 266
• Kuhn, T. S.: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 180, 228

L

• Lacan, Jacques 83
• Lamennais, F. de 80-1
• Landes, David: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations 240
• language 238
  • failure of 29-30
  • and morality 217-21
• Lasch, Christopher 10
  • The True and Only Heaven 266-7
• ‘late capitalism’ 241
• Lawrence, D. H. 225, 256
  • Kangaroo 87
• laws and law-abidingness 39, 43-4, 230, 253-4
• Leach, Sir Edmund 104
• Letwin, Shirley Robin: The Anatomy of Thatcherism 74
• Lewis, C. S.: The Abolition of Man 213
• liberal democracy xv, 12, 13, 234, 243
• liberalism 66-76
  • and libertarianism 1-4, 76, 97, 112-22, 134, 140-6, 232
  • ‘money’ 202-3
• libertarianism xvii, 112-22, 123, 129-34, 200, 208-9, 228-9, 232, 234
• liberty 1, 202, 203-5, 233; of conscience 66, 70-2
  • Mill on 91, 110-12, 204
  • and relativism 33-40, 46
  • see libertarianism
• Lincoln, Abraham 36, 141
• Livy 24
• Locke, John 59, 81, 82, 114, 121, 140, 144, 146, 217, 218, 264
  • Letter Concerning Toleration 36, 70-1, 72
• Lukes, Steven: Individualism 105
• Luther, Martin 81, 83, 121

M

• Macaulay, Lord 191-2, 255
  • Critical and Historical Essays 68, 69-70, 72-3
• Macedo, Steven: Liberal Virtues 29
• MacIntyre, Alasdair 48, 84, 136, 190
  • After Virtue 11, 32-3, 156, 160, 177-8, 179, 219-20, 221
  • Marxism and Christianity 260
  • A Short History of Ethics 83, 84
  • Whose Justice? Which Rationality? 144n, 180n
• Macmurray, John: Persons in Relation 263
• Magnet, Myron: The Dream and the Nightmare 9n
• Maimonides, Moses 56, 222-3
  • Guide for the Perplexed 56
• Maistre, Joseph de 81
• Maritain, Jacques: Man and the State 217
• marriage xv, 13, 37, 82, 102, 103, 125, 130-1, 187-9, 192-7, 212, 213, 266
• Marx, Karl 93, 95, 100, 104, 116, 127, 180-1
  • A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy 81, 86
• media, the 21-2, 23, 46, 210 see also press, the
• mercy 238
• meritocracy 127
• Middle Ages 68-9, 144, 146
• Midgley, Mary: Can’t We Make Moral Judgements? 210
• Mill, Harriet (nee Taylor) 109-10, 111
• Mill, John Stuart 109-10
  • Autobiography 255
  • Essays on Ethics … 204
  • Essays on Politics and Culture 38-9
  • On Liberty 47, 71, 91, 109, 110-12, 113, 121, 131, 167, 193, 204, 255
• Montefiore, Sir Moses 228, 255
• Montesquieu 102, 224
• morality 15
  • as antidote to despair 265-9
  • concepts and systems of 59-60, 98-99, 100-1, 105-6, 138-9
  • contemporary 7-16, 36-40, 96-7, 124-7
  • debating 19-27, 40, 45-7, 49-50
  • dilemmas of 210-17
  • and emotivism 31-3
  • the Enlightenment and 13, 32, 101, 102, 105-8, 142-4, 146, 217-18, 219, 229, 262
  • and families 101-4, 120, 121, 185-97, 212-13
  • fragments xv
  • importance of 13, 227-8
  • language and 217-21
  • and libertarianism 112-22, 129-30, 133-4, 140-6
  • and politics 2, 3, 49, 195
  • privatisation of 3, 132
  • and relativism 28, 33-6, 210-17
  • and religion 20, 75-6, 91, 93–4, 110
  • teaching of 18-22, 62
  • and tradition 32-3, 87-9, 96
  • Victorian 245-57
  • see also virtue(s)
• Moynihan, Daniel Patrick 126-7
• MTV 11
• Murdoch, Iris: The Sovereignty of Good 145n
• Murray, Charles: The Bell Curve 128-9
  • In Pursuit 207
• music 11
• mutual aid movement 254

N

• Nagel, Thomas: The View from Nowhere 144
• Nash, John 41
  • National Forum for Values in Education and the Community 179
• Natural Born Killers (film) 11
• Nelson, Benjamin: The Idea of Usury 205
• Neumann, John von 235-6
• Neusner, Jacob: Conservative, American and Jewish 173
• ‘new rich’ 128
• Nietzsche, Friedrich 85, 93, 99, 100, 101, 107, 116
  • Beyond Good and Evil 93-4, 95
• Novak, Michael 49
  • Awakening from Nihilism 12, 28
• Nowak, Martin 238
• Nozick, Robert 161
  • Anarchy, State and Utopia 2, 60, 162-3

O

• Oakeshott, Michael 183
• Orwell, George 25, 253
• Osborne, David, and Gaebler, Ted: Reinventing Government 171-2

P

• ‘paradigm shift’ 228
• parenthood 18-19, 26, 102, 103, 117, 132
• Passover, the 173-4, 175, 178,183
• Pharisees 154, 157
• philanthropy 118-20
  • Victorian 74-6, 119, 245, 251-2
• Phillips, Melanie 49, 190
  • All Must Have Prizes 132n, 183
• philosophes 110
• Pinker, Steven: The Language Instinct 218, 220-1
• Plamenatz, John: Man and Society 36, 66, 70
• Plato 49
  • The Republic 92-3, 223
• Polanyi, Michael: Personal Knowledge . . . 180
• Pope, Alexander 107
• Popper, Sir Karl 35, 47, 138n
• positivism 31
• Pound, Ezra 256
• press, the 20-1, 22
• Prisoner’s Dilemma 236, 237, 239
• Prochaska, Frank: Royal Bounty … 75, 245, 254
• progress 117, 266, 267
• prophets, the 67, 260
• Pulp Fiction (film) 11
• punishment 36, 118, 120
• Putnam, Robert xiii-xiv, 241, 242

R

• Rapoport, Anatole xiv, 237
• Rav Kahana 151, 152, 157
• Rawls, John 140, 161
  • A Theory of Justice 2, 59, 162, 163
• Reagan, Ronald 2, 127, 162, 178, 262
• reciprocal altruism xiv
• reciprocity 238, 239
• Reformation, the 70, 81, 83, 91, 121
• Regent’s Park, London 41-2, 43, 198-9
• Reich, Robert: The Work of Nations 128
• relationships, importance of 57-8, 61, 101-4
• relativism 28, 33-6, 38, 39, 40, 46, 49, 210-17
• religion 8, 33, 36, 127, 212
  • and the Enlightenment 104-5, 146, 262-3
  • and morality 20, 75-6, 91, 93-4, 110
  • and politics 68-70, 136-7, 140-1
  • wars of 70, 105, 142
  • see also Judaism; Reformation
• Rembrandt van Rijn 82
• responsibility 40
  • ‘nationalisation of 132
• Ricardo, David 81, 146
• Ridley, Matt: The Origins of Virtue 235n
• Rieff, Philip 94
  • The Triumph of the Therapeutic 120
• Riesman, David, Glazer, Nathan and Denney, Reuel: The Lonely Crowd 250
• rights 28-9, 36, 39, 114-15, 120, 130, 131, 164-5, 234
• Roberts, Robert: The Classic Slum … 252
• Roge, Carl 117
• Roosevelt, Franklin D. 115
• Roskies, David: Against the Apocalypse … 149
• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 33, 49, 103, 116-17, 146, 234, 261, 264
  • The Social Contract 59
• Roussel, Louis 187
• Rowntree (Joseph) Foundation 187-8
• Ruse, Michael, and Wilson, Edward O.: ‘The Evolution of Ethics’ 92
• Rushdie, Salman: The Satanic Verses 28, 257n
• Russell, Bertrand 90-1
  • History of Western Philosophy 39
• Rutter, Michael, and
• Smith, David: Psychosocial Disorders in Young People 11, 125
• Ryle, Gilbert 144

S

• Sadducees 154, 156, 157, 159, 160
• Salanter, Rabbi Israel 15
• Sandel, Michael 115, 169, 175, 177, 190, 191
  • Democracy’s Discontent 48, 164
  • Liberalism and the Limits of Justice 161, 162, 163-4
• Sartre, Jean-Paul 100, 101, 121
  • Anti-Semite and Jew 100
  • Existentialism and Humanism 95-6, 214-15
• schools xiv, 7, 37, 117, 120
• Schopenhauer, Arthur 99, 101
• Schumpeter, Joseph 34, 242
  • Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 240
• science 33, 105, 180, 228
• Scruton, Roger 49, 195
  • The Conservative Idea of Community 172, 190-1, 192
  • The Philosopher on Dover Beach 229
• Selbourne, David 11, 49
• self-interest 235, 236, 239
• Sennett, Richard: The Fall of Public Man 230
• Shakespeare, William: Hamlet 82
  • Troilus and Cressida 223
• Sheehy, Gail: Passages … 85
• Shelley, Percy Bysshe: Ozymandias 233
  • Prometheus Unbound 98, 106, 133
• Sherborne House 17-18
• Shils, Edward: Tradition 180n, 181
• Singer, Isaac Bashevis 233
• single parents 187, 188-9, 196
• slavery 36, 93, 220-1
• Smiles, Samuel 249, 251, 255
• Smith, Adam 81, 82, 206, 239, 249
  • The Theory of Moral Sentiments 242
  • The Wealth of Nations 234-5, 242
• Smith, David see Rutter, Michael
• social capital xiv, xv, 239
• ‘social covenant’ xi
• social contracts xi, 58-9, 63-4, 135, 162, 209
• social goods xiii
• socialism 235
• society/societies 1, 3-4, 42-3, 50-2, 198
  • civil and political 55-65, 67, 73-6, 135-40, 158, 243, 268-9
  • and the individual 77-86, 162-4
  • problems of 43-50
  • see also crime etc.; and the state 47-8, 161-72
• Society for the Prevention of Pauperism 119
• Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 124
• Soros, George xii
  • The Crisis of global Capitalism 242-3
• Spinoza, Baruch 71-2, 144
• Stark, Werner 83
• state, the (government) 14, 16, 43, 47-8, 76
  • and the church 68-70, 73, 76, 136-7
  • and community 16, 73, 170-2, 264-5
  • and the individual xii, 1-2, 14, 15, 49-50, 60, 71-2, 105, 132-3, 161
  • and welfare 2, 37, 61-2, 113, 114-15, 116, 118-20, 126, 128-9, 132
• Steiner, George: Real Presences 145n
• Stephen, Leslie 120
• Strawson, P. F.: Freedom and Resentment 216
• suicide 11, 125, 133, 186
• Sunday, deregulation of 199-202
• Sunday Times 9n
• surveys 8, 11, 131, 186-8
• survival of the fittest 237
• Sykes, Charles 132
  • Dumbing Down Our Kids 183

T

• Taine, Hippolyte: Notes on England 41-2, 251-2
• Tawney, R.H. 25
  • Equality 203
  • The Radical Tradition 226
• taxation 113, 230
• Taylor, A. J. P.: English History 1914-1945 113
• Taylor, Charles 164-5, 169, 175, 190
  • Sources of the Self 219
• teachers 20-1, 26, 117, 132, 176 see also education; schools
• Temple, Archbishop William 25
• Thatcher, Margaret 1, 2, 50, 127, 162, 262
• Third Sector xii, xiii, xiv
• Third Way xii
• Times, The xi, 21, 255
• Tit-for-Tat 237-8
• Tocqueville, Alexis de 49, 77, 166, 241
  • Democracy in America 74, 78-80, 81-2, 110, 111, 113,120, 166-70, 191, 206, 213, 225, 252, 265
  • The Old Regime and the French Revolution 77, 206-7
• Todd, Emmanuel: The Explanation of Ideology … 191
• toleration 66, 70-1, 72, 73
• Torah, the 150-2, 153, 154
• totalitarianism 35, 38, 73, 113, 268
• town planning 50-1
• tradition(s)
  • morality and 32-3, 87-9, 96
  • role of 172, 173-84
• Trainspotting (film) 11
• Trilling, Lionel 120, 142
• Beyond Culture 120-1
• Sincerity and Authenticity 77, 152
• Trivers, Robert 206

U

• unemployment 126, 127
• universalism 102, 105, 107, 108
• utilitarianism 91-2, 101, 102-3, 180, 215

V

• ‘values’ 37, 38, 39
• Vespasian 154
• Victorian era 22, 41-2, 47, 56, 74-5, 119-20, 185, 245-57
• violence 9, 12, 13, 28-9, 30, 48 see also crime
• virtue(s) 15, 37, 39, 49, 120, 129, 169, 178-9, 209, 213, 214, 220, 222, 232
• vocabulary: changes in 180-1 see also language
• Voltaire 99, 142
• voluntary organisations xi, 168, 169, 172, 224-5
  • Victorian 74-5, 251

W

• Walpole, Horace 247
• Walzer, Michael 49, 164, 169, 175, 190
  • Citizenship and Civil Society 241
  • Exodus and Revolution 259
  • Spheres of Justice 165-6, 222n, 230
• war(s) 76, 113-14, 123
  • of religion 70, 105, 142
• Webb, Beatrice 254
• Weber, Max 69, 240
  • The Protestant Ethic … 83
• welfare see under state, the
• Whitehead, Barbara 188-9
• Willetts, David 49
• Williams, Bernard: Moral Luck 143
• Williams, Raymond: Keywords . . . 180
• Wilson, Edward O. see Ruse, Michael
• Wilson, James Q. 7, 49
  • (with Herrnstein) Crime and Human Nature 253
  • The Moral Sense 35, 185
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig: Philosophical Investigations 17, 27
• Wolfenden Committee 112
• Wright, Robert: The Moral Animal 235n
• Wycliffe, John 121

Y

Yeats, W. B.: The Second Coming 12
Yorke, Dr Clifford: Childhood and Social Truth 190

Z

• Zionism 175, 256