Not in God’s Name: Confronting Religious Violence

Overview

In this powerful and timely book, one of the most admired and authoritative religious leaders of our time tackles the phenomenon of religious extremism and violence committed in the name of God. If religion is perceived as being part of the problem, Rabbi Sacks argues, then it must also form part of the solution. 

Index

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A

• Aaron  171
• Abel  88, 158, 167, 170, 171
  • Hevel in Hebrew  252–3
  • offering to God  103, 255
• Abimelech, king of Gerar  195, 202
• Abraham  4, 52, 64, 109, 169, 202–3
  • and covenant  195, 205, 264
  • death  118–20
  • and death of Sarah  185
  • does not bless Isaac  123
  • and God  130, 200
  • has to buy a cave to bury Sarah  199
  • and Isaac and Ishmael  96, 110–11, 114–15, 116, 144
  • and Ishmael and his wives  121–2
  • knows what it is to be a stranger  187, 197
  • and wish for a child  95, 107–8, 112–13
• Abrahamic faiths  23–4, 266
  • see also Christianity; Islam; Judaism
• Abrahamic monotheisms  4–5, 18–19, 189, 230, 239
• see also Christianity; Islam; Judaism
• Al Abram  82
• Abu Khdeir, Mohamed  7
• Abu Zant, Sheik Abd al-Mun’im  66–7
• academics  55
• Adam  47, 170
• Adler, Alfred  88
• Aelia Capitolina  222
• Afghanistan  6, 7
• Africa  257
• agency  250
• Agency for Fundamental Rights, European Union  8
• Ahriman  47
• Ahura Mazda  47
• Akiva, Rabbi  204
• Akram, Mohamed  83
• akrasia  28
• Albigensian Crusade  50
• Alexander VI, Pope  78
• alphabets  161
• altruism  32, 182, 256
  • and groups  28, 30, 31, 39, 42–3, 100, 152
  • reciprocal  34, 35, 179, 181, 263–4
• altruistic evil  23, 42, 48, 180, 249, 266
  • definition  9–10
  • and Himmler  62–3
  • and pathological dualism  54, 65
  • radical politicised religion  14
• Amalekites  213–14
• ’Amer, Doaa  240–1
• America
  • and Hitler  59
  • and Pilgrim Fathers  78
  • presidential election, 2008  37
  • see also United States
• American Grace (Putnam and Campbell)  38
• Amir, Yigal  20
• Among the Righteous (Satloff)  91
• Amos  197
• al-Amoush, Sheik Bassam  66
• amygdala  56
• ananke  157
• anarchy  36
• ancient Greece  47
• angels  31, 32
• anomie  42
• Anti-Defamation League  70
• anti-globalisation left  260
• anti-racist legislation  262–3
• antisemitism  8, 23, 76–7, 79–80, 188
  • disguises its motives  260–1
  • and evil  259
  • and hate  69–70
  • and Islam  66–70, 71–2, 73, 83–4, 241, 250
  • racial  78
  • and scapegoats  85
  • Turkish press  67–8
• anti-Zionism  260
• ants  36
• Aphrahat  98
• apocalypse  231–2
• Apocalypse of Paul  46
• Apocalypse of Peter  46
• apocalyptic politics  231–4
• Arab Spring  250
• Arendt, Hannah  9
• Areopagitica (Milton)  235
• Aristotle  28, 227–8
• Armenians  56
• Arnold, Matthew  232
• asabiyah  257
• Asenath  149
• Ashurbanipal II  192
• assimilation  223
• Assyria  120, 197
• Assyrians  204
• asymmetric conflicts  20
• atheism  166
• atheists  37, 219
• Athenians  228
• Atlan, Henri  246
• atonement  248
• Atran, Scott  42
• Attieh, Khalil  66
• Augustine  98
• Auschwitz  55, 62–3
• autonomy  41, 256, 257
• Averroës (also known as ibn Roshd)  234
• Axelrod, Alan  11
• Ayesha  121, 122

B

• Baal  254
• Baal prophets  236
• Babel, Tower of  191, 192–3, 227
• Babylonians  218
• Babylonian Talmud  72
• the bad  52–3
• Baldwin, James Arthur  238
• banality of evil  9
• al-Banna, Hassan  71
• barbarians  190
• Bar Kochba Rebellion  222
• Bathily, Lassana  25
• Battle of Kosovo  56
• Beck, Richard  53
• Beckstrom, Rod  17
• Beer Lahai Roi  120
• Beethoven, Ludwig van  40
• beheadings  5, 6
• Benda, Julian  55
• Benedict XVI, Pope  14, 261
• benevolence  34
• Benjamin  150, 151, 155, 157, 158, 169
• Berlin, Isaiah  15
• Berlin, Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehudah  227
• bias  11, 52
• Bibi, Asia Noreen  6–7
• the Bible  39, 46–7, 51, 64, 94, 210
  • on Abrahamic monotheism  4
  • book of Daniel  232
  • and freedom  157
  • and God’s names  195
  • and hope  200
  • and love  145, 166
  • meant to be heard not read  161
  • and memory  184
  • and militarism  211
  • and morality  180–1, 196
  • on politics  228
  • printing of  16–17
  • and self-criticism  52–3, 260
  • and sibling rivalry  101, 102–3
  • and social justice  254
  • universality and particularity  197, 205
  • and violence  190
• biblical consciousness  171–2
• biblical ethics  184, 244
• biblical narrative  171–2
• Biblicism  208
• Bilhah  146
• bin Laden, Osama  56
• birds  90
• birth order  109
• birth rate  19, 256
• Black Death  77
• black stork  90
• Blake, William  207
• blame  85, 248, 249
• blame culture  61, 248, 250
• blasphemy  6–7
• the Blitz  85
• blood, purity of  78
• Blood Libel  80–1, 82, 241
• Blume, Michael  38
• Bohr, Niels  53, 99
• Boko Haram  9
• Bonhoeffer, Dietrich  91
• Bosnia  56
• bourgeoisie  56
• Brafman, Ori  17
• brain  35, 56, 86
• breath  253, 255
• broadcasting  21
• brothers  88
  • see also Abel; Cain; Esau; Isaac; Ishmael; Jacob; Joseph; Judah
• Brown, Dan  75
• Brussels  8
• Buber, Martin  195
• Burke, Edmund  32
• Butler, Bishop  34

C

• Cain  88, 98, 103, 167, 170, 171, 252
  • and God  153
  • means to acquire, to possess, to own  253
  • not his brother’s keeper  158, 159
  • and offerings  190
  • and ownership and power  254–5
  • and will to power  255
• the Caliphate  232, 255
• Calvin, John  78
• Cambodia  7
• Campbell, David  38
• cancer  57
• capitalism  60
• capitalists  56
• cartoons  14, 69
• Cathars  50
• Catholic Church  18
• certainty  15
• Le Chambon-sur-Lignon  91
• chaos  35
• charity  38
• Charlie Hebdo  15, 68, 69
• chicks  90
• children
  • and covenantal blessing  135
  • and mimetic desire  87–8
  • and the religious  256
• children of darkness  46, 55–6, 101, 152, 169, 179–80, 251
• children of light  48, 101, 152, 169, 179–80, 251
  • German nation  55
  • and Qumran scrolls  46
• child sacrifice  80
• choice  102, 111, 116, 257
  • and God  124, 167, 189
• chosen people  198–9
• chosen trauma  56
• Christianity  6–7, 25, 51, 90–8, 209–10, 226
  • anti-Judaism not the result of Christianity  90
  • and Blood Libel  80–1
  • borrowed from Judaism  189
  • and conversion  39–40
  • and dualism  84
  • and Gnostic Gospels  50
  • and identity  190
  • and martyrdom  266
  • medieval  208
  • and Paul  109
  • and political power  230–1
  • and sibling rivalry  98–100, 101–2
• Christians  6–7, 49, 78, 241
  • and conversion  24, 80
  • and the Crusades  259
  • and Jews  261–2
  • and Muslims  69–70
  • Nag Hammadi sect  73–4
  • quietist groups  14–15
  • and the Reformation  223–4
  • and role reversal  182
  • and Satan  53
• Chronicles  186, 212
• Chrysostom, John  98
• the Church  226–7, 262
• Church Fathers  97
• circumcision  108
• civic ethic  228
• civil disobedience  266
• The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (Huntington)  189
• closeness  160
• cockroaches  57
• cognitive dissonance  48–9, 185
• Cohn, Norman  80
• commands, and Paul  153
• commonality  205
• common good  179, 256
• Common Sense (Paine)  228
• communes  36–7
• communism  41, 59–60
• communities  41, 256
• compassion  61, 263
• complexity, and dualism  53
• conflict  20, 165–6, 247
• conflict resolution  263, 265
• consciousness, biblical  171–2
• conspiracy theories  75–6
• consumerism  256
• contronym  159
• conversion  24, 39–40, 77, 78, 80
• conviction  15
• co-operation  30, 36
• Copenhagen  8, 68
• Copts  6
• Corinthians  208
• cosmopolitanism  41
• Coulibaly, Amedy  68
• counter-narrative  121–4, 141, 172
• counter-revolutionaries  56
• covenantal blessings  135
• covenantal family  144
• covenantal listening  219
• covenantal nation  144
• covenantal responsibility  111
• covenants  41, 96–7, 108, 189, 264
  • and Genesis  169, 195
  • the universal and the particular  197, 205
• crimes against humanity  10, 57
• Crusades  56, 77, 225, 259
• culture  12, 18, 41
• Cyprian  97

D

• Dabiq  232
• Damascus Blood Libel  82
• Daniel, book of  232
• Danish cartoons  14
• Danish Jewry  91
• Danish Resistance  91
• darkness, forces of  48
  • see also children of darkness
• Darwin, Charles  27, 28, 29
• David, King  64, 186, 203, 212
• David ben Joseph Abudarham  217
• Da Vinci Code (Brown)  75
• Dawkins, Richard  50–1
• Day of Atonement  204, 222
• Dead Sea Scrolls  44–5
• Dead Sea sect  46, 48–9, 73–4, 221, 232
• dehumanisation  57–8, 61, 169, 200, 259
  • and the Other  179–80
  • and pathological dualism  54
• Delos  37
• Delphic Oracle  148
• democracy  13, 22, 41, 179, 228–30, 256
• demography  19
• demonisation  61, 169, 179–80, 259
• demons  31
• Denmark  69
• The Descent of Man (Darwin)  29
• desecularisation  18
• Deuteronomy  208–9, 245
  • 6: 5  165, 239
  • 8: 17  117
  • 9: 5  198
  • 10: 19  239
  • 21: 15–17  164
  • 23: 7  142, 239
  • 26: 6–7  112
  • 30: 19  255
  • 32: 35  246
• dhimmi  98, 182
• difference
  • and Abraham and Sinai covenants  205
  • and liberal democracy  230
• dignity  159, 248, 256, 263
  • of humanity  200
• Dionysus  47
• Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (Rousseau)  254
• disinhibition effect  22
• displacement narrative  109
• dissent, make space for  236
• distance  160
• diversity  194, 200
• divine justice  168
• divine love  172
• divine mercy  168
• dreams  146, 147, 148–9
• dualism  47–65, 73–4, 77, 84–5, 247–50
  • and altruistic evil  23, 179–80
  • pathological  101, 169, 259
  • and role reversal  152
  • and splitting and projection  80
  • and universalism  205
• dualists  46
• Dunbar, Robin  34–5
• Durant, Will  178
• Durkheim, Émile  41–2

E

• Eastern Europe  81
• Ecclesiastes  253
• ecclesiastical power  230
• Edels, Samuel R.  218
• Eden, Garden of  46–7
• edh-Dhib, Muhammed  44
• egrets  89
• Egypt  18, 45, 193, 197–8, 230
  • and Copts  6
  • and slavery  183
• Egyptian myth  88
• Egyptians  112
• Eichmann, Adolf  9
• Elazar ben Simon  221
• election, American presidential , 2008  37
• Eliezar, R. ben Azariah  212, 215–16
• Elijah  236–7
• Elokim  53, 195, 196
• Emancipation  79, 210
• empathy  54, 183
• Encyclopedia of Wars (Phillips and Axelrod)  11
• The End of Power (Naím)  20
• enemies  244–5
• England
  • expulsion of Jews, 1290 Act  98
  • and Goebbels  59
  • and religious liberty  78
• Enlightenment  40, 79, 190–1, 210
• entropy  248
• Ephraim  145, 165
• Esau  102, 125–30, 140, 141, 143, 162, 169
  • and Isaac  144, 166
  • and Jacob  132–3, 134, 156, 170
  • and Moses  142
  • and Paul  97
  • strong and resourceful  199
  • and virtues  180
• Essenes  221
• estrangement  159, 160
• ethics  37, 41, 195, 196
  • biblical  184, 244
• ethnicity  41
• Europe
  • and antisemitism  8
  • and persecution of Jews  77
  • see also Germany
• European Enlightenment  40
• European Union  8
• Eve  47, 170, 253, 255
• evil  31, 51, 52, 64–5, 101, 256
  • and Amalek  214
  • and antisemitism  259
  • banality of  9
  • and deliberate targeting of the innocent  266
  • impulse to  153
  • and terror  265
  • as victim  158
• evolution  28
• Exclusion and Embrace (Volf)  246
• exile  183–4
• Exodus, book of  144, 171
  • 1: 10  193
  • 1: 11–12  112
  • 2: 22  187
  • 3: 14  201
  • 4: 10  117, 199
  • 4: 22  167
  • 22: 21  184
  • 23: 5  244
  • 23: 9  184
  • 32: 10  167
• Exodus from Egypt  198, 243
• exodus politics  233
• ‘Explanatory Memorandum on the General Strategic Goal for the Group in North America’ (Akram)  83
• extremism, religious  191
• extremists  17, 19–20

F

• face  133–4, 138–9
• Faces of the Enemy (Keen)  44
• face-to-face encounters  34
• factionalism  221
• failure  158
• fairness  196
• family  32–3, 41, 196
• far right  260
• fate  127, 140, 157
• fathers  87
  • see also Abraham; Isaac; Jacob
• Fatimah  121, 122
• faults  180
• favouritism  103, 144–5, 146, 155
• FBI  83
• ‘Femininity’ (Freud)  89
• Fichte, Johann Gottlieb  79
• ‘Final Solution’  55
• fiqh  208
• First Crusade  77
• First Temple  218
• First World War  56, 84, 259
• Fishbane, Michael  185
• flash-mobs  41
• the Flood  190, 191–2, 193, 194, 201
• forgiveness  51, 156, 168, 170, 248
• Fourth Lateran Council  81
• Francis I, Pope  261–2
• Frankl, Viktor  248
• fraternity  196
• fratricide  88, 90, 103, 147
• Frederick II, Emperor  80
• freedom  15, 242, 256
  • and atonement  248
  • and God  156–7
  • and hate  250, 261
  • religious  8, 78, 262
  • without order  193
• free market  41
• Freemasons  75
• free speech  235–6
• French Revolution  233
• Freud, Sigmund  74, 87
  • on sibling rivalry  88–9, 100, 101
• Fukuyama, Francis  178–9
• fundamentalism  208, 209–11, 219, 265
• fur seals  89
• the future  248, 251, 263
  • build to redeem the past  243, 250

G

• Galapagos Islands  89
• Galatians  39, 94–5
• Game Theory  33
• Gamliel II, Rabban  212
• Gandhi, Mahatma  266
• Garden of Eden  46–7
• genes  32
• Genesis  126, 161–72
  • 1  201–2
  • 1: 13  170
  • 2: 7  253
  • 3: 12  170
  • 4: 7  153
  • 6: 5  191
  • 6: 6  3, 190
  • 6: 11  190
  • 8: 21–22  168
  • 9  201–2
  • 9: 6  201
  • 10: 5  192–3
  • 11: 1  191
  • 11: 4  193
  • 12: 1  187
  • 13: 13  202
  • 14: 19  203
  • 15: 5  110
  • 16: 4  107
  • 16: 5  107
  • 16: 6  107
  • 16: 9–10  110
  • 16: 11  111
  • 16: 13–14  120
  • 17: 2, 6  110
  • 17: 18  114
  • 17: 20  110
  • 18: 19  130
  • 18: 25  4, 203
  • 20: 11  195
  • 21  114
  • 21: 9–10  108
  • 21: 10  112
  • 21: 12–13  111
  • 21: 17–20  111
  • 22  114
  • 22: 2  166
  • 23  185
  • 23: 6  203
  • 25: 8–9  118
  • 25: 23  99, 127
  • 25: 27  125
  • 26: 35  135
  • 27: 2–4  126
  • 27: 18–24  128
  • 27: 28–29  126
  • 27: 30–38  128
  • 27: 39–40  129
  • 28: 3–4  135
  • 29: 16–17  163
  • 29: 26  162
  • 29: 30  162
  • 29: 31  163
  • 29: 32–35  164
  • 30: 15  164
  • 32: 7  130
  • 32: 20  133
  • 32: 24  131
  • 32: 28  131
  • 32: 30  131, 132
  • 33: 6–7  132
  • 33: 10–11  133
  • 33: 18  138
  • 37: 1  146
  • 37: 3–4  167
  • 37: 4  147
  • 37: 5  147
  • 37: 11  147
  • 37: 18  147
  • 37: 20  148
  • 37: 27  159
  • 39: 9  195
  • 41: 38  195
  • 42: 6–8  149–50
  • 42: 21  154
  • 42: 28  150
  • 43: 34  155
  • 44: 17  155
  • 45: 4–8  151
  • 48: 22  165
  • 50: 19–20  144
  • 50: 19–21  156
  • 50: 20–21  170
  • and love  145
  • and sibling rivalry  88, 92, 102–3
• genetic similarity  32
• genocide  249
• Germany  54–6, 57–8, 59–61, 62–3, 70–1, 259
  • and dualism  73, 84–5
  • and The Protocols of the Elders of Zion  80
• Gershom  187
• Gessius Florus  220
• Gideon  228
• Girard, René  74–5, 87, 88, 101, 136, 141
• global cosmopolitanism  41
• global people  223
• Global Terror Database, Maryland University  7
• Gnostic Gospels  47, 50
• Gnosticism  47, 51
• Gnostics  73
• God
  • and Abraham  130, 203
  • of all humanity  189–90
  • on the building of the Temple  211–12
  • and Cain  153
  • calling us to let go of hate  267
  • chooses but does not reject  124
  • and covenants  107–8, 169
  • on Esau  142
  • face of  138–9
  • and favourites  103
  • and freedom  156–7
  • and Genesis  172
  • and good and bad  52–3
  • image of  4, 194–5, 200–1, 265
  • and Isaac and Ishmael  110–11, 144
  • is infinite  205–6
  • and love  165, 200
  • loyalty to  262
  • and monotheism  63
  • on murder  255
  • rejects rejection  167–8
  • relationship with all humanity  204–5
  • of revenge and forgiveness  50–1
  • sacrifice to  255
  • sacrilege to invoke God to justify violence  5, 266
  • and Samuel  228
  • two names  53
  • and vengeance  246
  • weeps  3
• ‘God and War’survey  11
• God-as-compassion  53
• God-as-justice  53
• The God Delusion (Dawkins)  50–1
• Goebbels, Joseph  55, 57, 59, 60–1
• Goldsmith, Oliver  229
• Goldstein, Baruch  7
• Gombrich, E.H.  63
• the good  51, 52–3, 64–5
• Gospel of Thomas  46, 47
• Gospel of Truth  46
• Gospel to the Egyptians  46
• Great Schism of the Church, 1054  84
• Greece  47
• Greeks  31, 228
• Gregory X, Pope  80
• in-group altruism  152
• in-group bias  11, 52
• groups  29–32, 33, 39, 41
  • and altruism  28, 42–3, 182
  • and bias  52
  • and brain size  34–5
  • and identity  100–1, 264
  • moralities bind together  37–8
  • protection of  57
  • and retaliation  75
  • and scapegoat  84, 259
  • and threats to  56, 85
  • and violence  152, 190
  • and xenophobia  73
• in-group violence  32
• grudges  246–7
• The Guide for the Perplexed (Maimonides)  214
• guilt  153
• Gutenberg, Johannes  16

H

• Hadith  250
• Hagar  110, 112, 114, 116, 118
  • and Beer Lahai Roi  120
  • in the desert with Ishmael  108, 111, 115, 129, 180
  • is Keturah  121
  • mistreated by Sarah  113
  • and Paul  95
  • surrogate mother  107
• Haidt, Jonathan  38, 179
• Haldane, J.B.S.  32
• Hamas Charter  83
• Hamilton, William  32
• Hamlet (Shakespeare)  87, 88, 247
• hard texts  207–9, 219, 265
• Haredim  14
• harm, avoidance of  196
• Hashem  53, 195, 196
• hate  25, 26, 73, 86, 167, 238, 249–50
  • and antisemitism  70
  • and blame culture  250
  • campaign against  262–3
  • of Christians  78
  • and God  267
  • and Holocaust survivors  242
  • and the Internet  21
  • of Jews  85, 261
  • and literal reading of sacred texts  219
  • and memory  244
  • and Moses  239–40
  • and radical political Islam  241
• Hayek, Friedrich  15
• hearing  161
• Hebrew Bible see the Bible
• hedonism  256
• Hegel, Georg  79
• Heidegger, Martin  55
• Heine, Heinrich  91
• Herf, Jeffrey  59
• Hevel  255
• Hezbollah  83
• hierarchy  3–4
• Hillel  221
• Himmler, Heinrich  62–3
• Hindus  69
• Hitler, Adolf  56, 57, 59–60, 70–1, 101
  • Mein Kampf  62, 63
  • and The Protocols of the Elders of Zion  81
• Hittites  185, 203
• Hobbes, Thomas  11, 17–18, 33, 192, 224
• Höess, Rudolf  58
• Hoffer, Eric  42, 256
• Holland  78
• Holocaust  25, 80, 101
  • survivors  242–3, 251
• Holy Land Foundation terrorism-financing trial  83
• holy war  11
• holy warriors  42
• hope  41, 86, 251
  • and the Bible  200
  • and prophets  231
  • and tragedy  158
• Horace  88
• Horseman without a Horse  83
• hostility, out-group  152
• human dignity  256
• humanitarian ethic  183
• humankind, honouring  267
• human relationships  171
• human rights organisations  260
• human sacrifice  75, 255
• Hume, David  28–9
• Hungary  177–8
• Huntington, Samuel  189
• al-Husayni, Muhammed Amin  82–3
• el-Hussein, Omar Abdel Hamid  68
• Hutus  57

I

• ibn Khaldun  257
• ibn Roshd (also known as Averroës)  234
• ideals  42
• ideas  219, 264
• identity  18–19, 22, 41, 108–9, 190, 204
  • biological and ascribed  111
  • common  31
  • from groups  100–1, 264
  • Jacob wanted to be Esau  137
  • as a minority  223
  • and universality  191
  • and violence  39, 205
• ideological system  40
• idolatry  102
• Idumeans  221
• Ignatieff, Michael  42
• ijtihad  208
• Illuminati  75
• ‘Imagine’  12
• The Imitation Game  27
• imperialism  200, 265
• India  68–9
• individualism  226, 256, 257, 264
• individual rights  41
• individuals, and groups  NG30–1, 37–8, 41, 101, 191
• influence, and religion  236
• information technology  16, 210
• inhumanity  258
• inner-biblical exegesis  185
• Innocent III, Pope  50
• Innocent IV, Pope  80
• Inquisition  77
• instinct for survival  89
• intellectuals  14–15, 56
• intelligentsia  54–5
• interests  22
• Internet  17, 21–2, 258
• interpretation  208, 209, 219, 265
• Interpretation of Dreams (Freud)  88
• intertextuality  184–5
• inyenzi  57
• Iqraa  240–1
• Iraq  6, 7, 8, 18, 72
• Irenaeus, bishop of Lyon  46
• Isaac  95, 102, 108, 109, 117, 144, 199
  • binding of  114–15, 165–6
  • blesses Jacob  126, 127–8, 132, 135–6, 137
  • chosen  111, 116
  • continues covenant  96–7
  • and Esau  125, 144
  • first Jewish child  118
  • and Ishmael  121, 156, 170
  • and Jacob  180
  • marries  119
  • means he will laugh  113
  • not blessed by Abraham  123
  • not strong  199
  • passes of wife as sister  64, 169
  • and Rebecca  145
  • wants to reunite Hagar and Abraham  120
• Isaac, Jules  90
• Isaiah  4, 40, 52
  • 2: 4  211, 215
  • 11: 9  211
  • 19: 19–25  197–8
  • 45: 7  50
• Ishmael  95, 96, 98, 102, 109, 113–16, 144, 169
  • and Abraham  118–19, 121–2, 123, 144
  • blessed by God  110, 111
  • in the desert with Hagar  108, 129, 180
  • and Isaac  156, 170
  • means ‘he whom God has heard’  117–18
  • mistreated by Sarah  112
  • strong and resourceful  199
• ISIS  5, 8, 56, 232, 258
  • and Christians  6
  • and restoration of Caliphate  255
• Islam  20, 25, 40, 69, 98, 208
  • and antisemitism  66–70, 71, 73, 81–4, 250
  • borrowed from Judaism  189
  • counts a single life as a universe  266
  • and fall of Ottoman Empire  85
  • and fundamentalism  210
  • and identity  190
  • and Ishmael  109, 113–14
  • and Ishmael’s wives  122
  • and political power  230–1
  • radical  17, 241, 258, 262
  • and sibling rivalry  98–9, 100, 101–2
  • and violence  225
• Islamist extremism  5
• Islamist groups  259–60
• Islamist ideology  5
• Islamists  259
• Israel  103, 142, 199
  • criticism of  260
  • Jacob’s new name  131
  • love from God for  200
  • and strangers  186–7
• I–Thou relationship  195

J

• Jabal al-Tarif  45
• Jacob  102, 125–38, 140, 142, 143, 144, 149
  • and Benjamin  150–1
  • death  155–6
  • and Esau  156, 170
  • and favouritism  144–5
  • and Isaac  64, 169, 180
  • and Joseph  146, 166
  • love for Joseph  147
  • not strong  199
  • and Paul  97
  • and Rachel and Leah  162–3, 164–5
  • wrestles wth the angel  141, 158
• Jael  198
• Janjaweed  6
• Jeremiah  218
• Jerusalem church  93
• Jesus  230
• Jews
  • and Christians  261–2
  • Dead Sea sect  48–9
  • encouraged to identify with feelings of Israel’s victims  217
  • hate of  85
  • and Hitler  59–60
  • in the Middle Ages  98, 260
  • in Nazi Germany  57–8, 70–1
  • no longer homeless  103
  • and Paul  93–4, 95–6
  • and prejudice  79
  • religious  14
  • and role reversal  183
  • as scapegoat  76–7
  • seen as children of darkness  55–6
  • under Roman rule  220–1
• On the Jews and their Lies (Luther)  78
• jihadists  22, 42
• Job  198
• Jobbik  177, 178
• John of Giscala  221
• John Paul II, Pope  261
• John XXIII, Pope  90, 241, 261
• Jonah  197, 204
• Jordan  66–7
• Joseph  144–53, 154–6, 157–9, 165, 167, 169
  • has faults  180
  • and Jacob  166
  • and Potiphar’s wife  195
  • refuses to define himself as victim  170
• Josephus  220–2
• Joshua  213
  • book of  207, 208–9
• Judah  148, 159, 166, 180
  • and Benjamin  151, 155, 157, 158, 169
• Judaism
  • counts a single life as a universe  266
  • and Nietzsche  79
  • other Abrahamic monotheisms borrowed from  189
  • and political power  230–1
  • and rabbis  49–50, 225–6
  • reconciled with Christianity  25
  • religion of love  239
  • and sibling rivalry  92, 98–100, 101–2, 262
  • on the state  228
  • and Szegedi  177–8
• Judeo-Christian heritage  256
• Judeophobia  70
• judgement  53
• Judges, book of  228
• justice  168, 196, 197, 207, 263
  • and love  166
  • universality of  202, 264
• Jyllands-Posten cartoons  69

K

• kaniti  253–4
• Kant, Immanuel  28, 40, 79, 191, 211
• Karadzic, Radovan  56
• Kaufmann, Eric  19, 38, 256
• Keen Sam  44
• Keturah  119, 121
• Khmer Rouge  7
• Kierkegaard, Søren  236
• kin  33, 181, 196
• King, Martin Luther  238, 266
• kin selection  32, 36
• kinship  85
• Kishinev pogrom  81
• Kittel, Gerhard  55
• KJV  94, 210
• knowledge, secularisation of  12
• Kook, Rabbi Abraham  204
• Kosovo  56
• Köves, Slomo  178
• Kristeva, Julia  184–5

L

• Laban  162
• Laius  116, 148
• land, and covenantal blessing  135
• language  192
• laughter  112–13
• Lavardin, Hildebert de, Archbishop of Tours  81
• Leah  97–8, 144, 145, 147, 162–5, 166, 167
  • and love  180
  • sons of  146
• Lear, King  253
• Lenin, Vladimir Ilich  101
• Lennon, John  12
• Levi  164, 166
• Levi, Primo  57–8
• Leviathan (Hobbes)  192
• Levinas, Emanuel  147–8
• Leviticus
  • 19: 18  165, 239
  • 19: 33–34  165
  • 25: 23  185–6, 199
  • 26: 6  211
• Levi Yitzhak, R. of Berditchev  214
• Lewis, Bernard  73, 83–4
• liberal democracy  13, 22, 41, 179, 228–30
• On Liberty (Mill)  235
• liberty, loss of  193
• lice  57
• life, choosing  255
• likro  161
• Limpieza de sangre  78
• Lincoln, Abraham  224
• listening  219
• Locke, John  17–18, 37, 183, 224, 263–4
• Loewe of Prague, Rabbi Judah  234–5
• Lorenz, Konrad  57
• Lot  202–3
• Lot’s wife  243
• love  145, 181, 197, 219, 263
  • and conflict  165–6
  • and Genesis  172
  • of God  267
  • Jacob’s for Joseph  147
  • and Judaism  239
  • and Leah  180
  • particularity of  196, 200, 202, 264
• loyalty  256, 262
• Luther, Martin  16–17, 78, 223

M

• Machiavelli, Niccolò  5
• Mahmoud, Fatma Abdallah  68
• Maimonides, Moses  113, 153–4, 213–14
• Malachi  97, 198
• Manasseh  145, 165
• mandrakes  164
• Manichaeism  47, 51, 73
• Mann, Thomas  89
• Marcion of Sinope  50
• maritime trade  37
• Mark  210
• the market  13, 256
• market economy  22, 179
• Marr, Wilhelm  72
• marriage  41, 256
• Martin V, Pope  80
• martyrdom  266
• Maryland University  7
• Maslow, Abraham  220
• master race  198–9
• Matthew  209–10
• The Matza of Zion (Tlass)  82
• Maximinus  98
• May Laws, 1882  81
• meanings, and narrative  171
• medieval Christianity  208
• Mein Kampf (Hitler)  62, 63
• Melchizedek, king of Salem  203
• memory  184, 188, 243, 244
• Mengele, Josef  55
• mercy  168
• Mesopotamian city states  230
• Messiah  49, 93
• messianic politics  233
• metanoia  153
• Micah  4
• Middle East  7, 81–3, 257
  • see also Israel
• Midian  120
• Midianites  207
• Midrash  118, 121, 122–4
• Mikra  161
• Miles, Jack  116, 247
• militarism  211
• military minimalism  218
• Mill, John Stuart  12, 235
• Milosevic, Slobodan  56
• Milton, John  17–18, 117, 235
• mimesis  141
• mimetic desire  98, 136, 137, 143, 170
  • definition  87–8, 90
• mindset, and dualism  23
• Miriam  171
• Mishnah  144, 215
• Mock, Douglas  89
• modernity  41
• Mohamad, Dr Mahathir  67
• monotheism
  • internalises conflict  247–8
  • moral force of  63–4
  • offers sense of pride and consequence  18–19
  • and politics  230
  • as protest  4
  • and tolerance  183
• moral code  41, 42
• moral communities  35
• moral dualism  51
• morality  28–9, 179, 182, 183–4, 202, 257
  • and the Hebrew Bible  180–1, 195–6
  • and kin  33
  • secularisation of  12
  • thick  37–8
• moral relativism  15–16, 257
• moral responsibility  54, 259, 261, 263
• More than Kin and Less than Kind (Mock)  89
• Morganbesser, Sidney  194
• Morning Prayer  50
• mortality  253, 255
• moser  20
• Moses  64, 117, 171, 199, 203
  • asks God who he is  201
  • criticises the Israelites  198
  • on enemies  244
  • on Esau  142
  • on evil  52
  • and God  167
  • on hate  250–1
  • and the past  241–2
  • says choose life  255
  • on slavery  243
  • a stranger to both the Egyptians and Israelites  187
  • visionary speeches  238–9
• Movement for a Better Hungary  177, 178
• Mueller, Ingo  55
• Mumbai terror attacks  68, 69
• murder  3, 82, 147, 201–2, 249, 250
  • and Cain  158, 170, 190
  • crime and sin  4
  • forbidden in the Abrahamic faiths  266
  • fratricide  88, 103
  • and God  255
• murderers  54
• Muslim Brotherhood  71, 83
• Muslims  7, 24, 56, 69–70, 91, 109, 240–1
  • and the Crusades  225, 259
  • quietist groups  14
  • and role reversal  182–3
• Muslim Woman Magazine  240–1
• mysticism  219
• myths  88, 116, 141, 166
  • Blood Libel and The Protocols of Zion  80–3
  • externalise conflict  247

N

• Nag Hammadi manuscripts  45–7
• Nag Hammadi sect  46–7, 49, 73–4
• Nahmanides  113–14
• Naím, Moisés  20
• Napoleon  89
• narrative, and Genesis  171–2
• narrowcasting  21
• national identity  41
• nationalism  18, 41, 71, 101
• nation state  40
• natural selection  27, 28, 29, 30, 31
• Nazi education programme  58
• Nazi Germany  259
  • see also Germany
• Nazi Physicians’ League  55
• Nazis  57
• Nazism  54–6, 62–3
• neighbourhood groups  38
• neighbours  165, 181, 263
• neo-Assyrians  192
• new atheists  15
• New Testament  47, 50–1, 72, 232
• Nicholas V, Pope  80
• Niemöller, Martin  91
• Nietzsche, Friedrich  5, 79
• Nigeria  9
• Ninth Symphony  40
• NIV  39, 208, 209–10
• Noah  167, 197, 201, 202, 205, 264
  • and Elokim  195
• Nostra Aetate  90, 261
• Novak, Michael  229
• Numbers  138, 140, 217
• Nuremberg Laws  55, 70, 78
• Nuremberg rally, 1938  59
• Nuremberg trials  10

O

• ‘Ode to Joy’  40
• Oedipus  116, 148, 247
• Oedipus complex  87, 88
• Oedipus Rex  127
• Old Testament  50–1
  • see also the Bible
• Onal, Ayse  67–8
• oppression  85
• oracles  140
• order  36, 193
• Organisation of Islamic Cooperation  70
• Orphism  47
• orthodox Judaism  210
• the Other  25, 157, 160, 182, 187
  • and the Bible  181
  • dehumanising and demonising  179–80
  • and empathy  183
  • and Genesis  202
  • and God  203
  • and Volf  246
• otherness  157, 158
• Ottoman Empire  56, 85, 210, 259
• out-groups  32, 152
• the outsider  75
• ownership  254, 255
• Oz, Amos  261

P

• pagan sacrifice  255
• Paine, Thomas  228
• Pakistan  6–7, 69
• Pale of Settlement  81
• Palestinians  7
• panim  133–4
• paranoia  85, 101
• Paris  8, 25, 68, 69, 245
• particularity  195, 197, 205
  • of love  196, 200, 202, 264
• Pascal, Blaise  3, 27
• Passover  184, 217
  • the past  242, 243, 245, 246, 250, 263
  • and blame  248
• prevent a repetition of  244
• pathological dualism  51–3, 73, 84, 101, 169, 259
  • and altruistic evil  54, 65
• Paul  39, 51, 92–7, 109, 153
• Paul III, Pope  80
• Pauline Christianity  39, 99
• Paul VI, Pope  90, 261
• peace  4, 11, 211, 213
  • and ideas  264
  • with the Romans  218
• pecking order  90
• penitential culture  248
• perfect repentance  154, 155
• Persia  47
• Pesach  184, 217
• Pew Research Center  70
• Pharisees  221
• Pharoah  148–9, 193, 195
• Phillips, Charles  11
• philosophical antisemitism  79
• philosophy  190–1, 224
• Pilgrim Fathers  78
• Pinsker, Leon  81
• Plagues, spilling drops of wine for when reciting on Passover  217
• Plato  28, 47, 49, 227
• Platonic dualism  51
• pogroms  81
• political ideology  101
• political messianism  233
• politics  41, 224, 228
  • apocalyptic  231–4
  • and polytheism  230
  • and power  229, 230–1
  • and religion  38–9, 236, 262, 263
• Pol Pot  56
• polytheism  3, 230
• the poor  263
• Popper, Karl  15, 227
• postmodernism  41
• Potiphar  148, 195
• poverty relief  256
• power  135, 138, 142, 219, 254, 255, 257
  • combined temporal and ecclesiastical  230
  • political  229, 230–1
  • and religion  19, 222–3, 224–5, 226–7, 236
  • secularisation of  12
• prejudice  78, 79
• presidential election, American, 2008  37
• printing  16
• Prisoner’s Dilemma  33, 74
• projection  52, 56, 80–1, 259
• propaganda, Nazi  63
• prophecy  140, 146, 231, 232
• prophets  140–1, 209, 231, 236–7, 266
• Protestant church  210
• The Protocols of the Elders of Zion  80, 81, 82–3, 177, 241
• Prudentius  98
• Psalms
  • 24: 1  254
  • 27: 10  107
  • 90: 4  229
  • 119: 19  177
  • 133: 1  171
  • 145: 9  124
  • 145: 18  161
• Putnam, Robert  38

Q

• al-Qaeda  5, 56
• qiyas  208
• Quispel, Gilles  45–6
• Qumran scrolls  44–5, 46
• Qumran sectarians  46, 48–9, 73–4, 221, 232
• Qur’an  72, 122, 193–4, 250
  • on religion  18, 230

R

• rabbinic Judaism  72, 208, 216–18, 225–6
• rabbis
  • on dualism  49–50
  • and names for God  53
• Rabin, Yitzhak  20
• race  40, 41, 78, 101
  • Jews hated for  260
  • scientific study of  54
• Rachel  97, 144, 145, 155, 162–3, 165, 167
  • died giving birth to Benjamin  150
  • infertile  199
  • and Joseph’s brothers  147
  • and mandrakes  164
• racial antisemitism  78, 79–80
• radical Islam  17, 241, 258, 262
• radicalism  210
• radical movements  42
• radical politicised religion  14, 25
• radicals  210, 258
• Rahab  198
• Rapoport, Anatole  33–4
• Rashi  166
• rational actor  22
• Rauh, Nicholas  37
• reading  161
• reason  28–9, 79
• Rebecca  99–100, 120, 126–7, 132, 144
  • infertile  199
  • and Isaac  64, 145, 169
  • and Jacob  125, 135, 166
• reciprocal altruism  34, 35, 179, 181, 263–4
• reciprocity  74
• recognition  159, 160
• reconciliation  156, 157, 158, 170, 246
• Reformation  16–17, 224
• rejection  167, 168–9
• relationships, and Genesis  171
• relativism  15–16, 257
• religion
  • acquires influence when it relinquishes power  236
  • and arguments  234–5
  • created moral communities  35
  • definition  182
  • and fellow believers  31
  • and groups  39, 101
  • and interpretation  209
  • Jews hated for  260
  • literal reading of sacred texts can lead to violence and hate  219
  • and loving your neighbour  181
  • most extreme will prevail  256
  • motivated terror  221–2
  • and politics  38–9, 262, 263
  • and polytheism  3
  • and power  19, 222–3, 224–5, 226–7, 231
  • and Qur’an  18, 230
  • radical politicised  13–14, 25
  • and role reversal  182–3
  • seeks truth  229
  • and sibling rivalry  98–100, 157–8
  • and spirituality  41
  • terror desecrates and defames  266
  • under attack  85
  • and violence  10–12, 23, 74, 75, 87, 190, 211, 241
  • and voting  37
  • and wars  16, 17
• religious communes  37
• religious communities  38
• religious ethics  37–8
• religious extremism  191
• religious extremists  19–20
• Religious Freedom in the World  8–9
• religious freedom/liberty  8, 78, 262
• religious Jews  14
• religious people  256
• religious war  101
• Remus  88
• repentance  155, 156, 157, 158, 248
  • Day of Atonement  204, 222
  • and Maimonides  153–4
• La Repubblica  261–2
• Republic (Plato)  227
• respect  256
• responsibility  248, 259, 261
  • and blame  249
  • moral  54, 263
• retaliation  74–5, 157
• Reuben  148, 150–1, 164
• Revelation, book of  232
• revenge  50, 109, 157, 245–6
• reverence  256
• the rich  263
• rights  41, 256
• ritual murder  82
• rituals  36
• rodef  20
• role reversal  152–3, 158, 172, 179, 180
  • and biblical ethics  244
  • and memory  184
  • with person of another faith  182–3
  • remembering the Jewish past  187–8
• Roman rule  220–1
• Romans  218
• Romans, book of  94, 96, 97, 109, 246
• Romanticism  40
• Rome  88
• Romulus  88
• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques  254
• Ruether, Rosemary  97–8
• rule of law  192
• Rushdie, Salman  69
• Russell, Bertrand  257
• Russell, Jeffrey  48
• Russia  15, 80, 81
• Russian Revolution  233
• Russian Secret Police  80
• Ruth  196, 203

S

• sacrifice  75, 255
• sacrilege  5, 202, 266
• Sadducees  221
• Sages  118, 120–1
• Salafist Islam  262
• al-Samman, Muhammad Ali  45
• Samuel
  • book of  207, 211–12
  • and God  228
• sanctity of life  263
• Sarah  113, 116–17, 118, 144, 199
  • death  119, 120, 185
  • and Hagar  95, 107, 112
  • and Ishmael  108, 114
• Sargon II  192
• Satan  53, 166
• The Satanic Verses (Rushdie)  14, 69
• Satloff, Robert  91
• scapegoat  75, 76, 84, 85–6, 101, 250
  • to evade moral responsibility  259
  • someone you can kill without risk of reprisal  260
• Schiller, Friedrich  40
• Schmitt, Carl  55
• Schopenhauer, Arthur  79
• science  13, 190–1, 224
• seals  89
• Second Temple  218
• Secret Book of James  46
• secular communes  36–7
• secular culture  18
• secular ethics  37
• secularisation  12–13, 18
• secular Islamic regimes  259
• secularism  18
• secular nationalism  18, 71, 250
• secular people  256
• the self  41, 202
• self-criticism  52–3, 199, 260
• selfie  41
• self-interest  179
• the selfish  28
• Seneca  93
• Serbs  56
• serpent, Garden of Eden  46–7
• Shakespeare, William  35–6, 87, 125, 209
• Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth? (Kaufmann)  19
• Shammai  221
• Sharia law  259
• Al-Shatat (‘Diaspora’)  83
• Shia jurisprudence  208
• Shimon  164
• shtei reshuyot  50
• sibling rivalry  88–90, 101–3, 107, 109, 167, 172–3, 264
  • between the Church and Judaism  262
  • Isaac and Ishmael  123
  • Jacob and Esau  125, 126–7, 134, 141, 143, 166
  • Joseph and his brothers  144–53, 154–6, 157–9, 166
  • motif of Genesis  92
  • not inevitable  170
  • and Paul  94–5
  • Rachel and Leah  161–5
  • and reconciliation  156
  • between religions  98–100, 157–8
• Sicarii  221–2
• Simeon  150, 151
• Simon ben Giora  221
• Sinai covenant  205
• sins  4, 153, 155, 158, 170
• El-Sisi, Abdel Fattah  20
• slavery  155, 183–4, 243–4
• slaves  251
• Smith, Adam  28–9
• social animals  29–30, 31–2, 34, 39, 100, 190
• social capital  38
• social cohesion  257
• social Darwinism  54
• social hygiene  57
• socialisation  36
• social justice  254
• social media  21, 263
• Sodom  202–3
• Solomon  64
• Sonnet 29 (Shakespeare)  125
• sons  87
• Sosis, Richard  36–7
• soul  47
• Soviet Union  60, 71
• spadefoot tadpoles  90
• Spain  77, 98
• Spanish Jewry  113
• Spartans  228
• spiders  17
• Spinoza, Baruch  17–18
• spirituality  41
• spiritual maximalism  218
• splitting  52, 56, 80–1, 259
• Srebrenica  7
• Stalin, Joseph  56, 101
• Stalinist Russia  15
• The Starfish and the Spider (Brafman and Beckstrom)  17
• the state
  • and Judaism  228
  • separated from the Church  226–7
• Stevens, Wallace  196
• strangers  35, 85, 153, 159, 197, 203
  • can help each other  245
  • in Genesis  185
  • and the Israelites  184, 186–7, 188
  • kindness to  123
  • and love  165, 181, 263
  • and religious communities  38
  • sense of kinship with in Second World War  85
  • and trust  39
• study, surrogate for war  217
• Submission  14
• Sudan  6
• suicide  42, 266
• Suicide (Durkheim)  41–2
• suicide bombers  22, 42
• Sunni jurisprudence  208
• surrogate mother  95, 107
• survival  30, 31, 33–4
• Swift, Jonathan  66
• swords  214–17
• sympathy  54
• synagogues  222
• Syria  6, 18, 82, 83
• Szegedi, Csanad (later Dovid)  177–8, 180, 188

T

• tabwa  153
• tadpoles  90
• Tajfel Henry  11
• Taliban  7
• Talking to the Enemy (Atran)  42
• Talmon, J.L.  233
• Talmud  220
• Tamar  203
• taqleed  208
• Taylor, Sara  53
• ‘the teachings of contempt’  90
• technology  13, 16
• Temples, First and Second  211–12, 218, 222
• temporal power  230
• terror  202, 221–2, 257–8, 260, 265–6
• terrorist attacks  8, 14–15, 25, 68–9, 260
• terrorists  265, 266
• Tertullian  98
• teshuvah  153–4
• theocracy  260
• theological dualism  51, 73
• Theory of Complementarity  53
• The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith)  29
• Thirty Years War  16
• Thomas of Monmouth  80
• threats, from strangers  181
• time  140–1
• The Times  80
• Titans  47
• Tit-for Tat  34, 74, 181, 263–4
• Titus  220, 221
• Tlass, Mustapha  82
• Tocqueville, Alexis de  32–3, 226–7
• tolerance  183, 242, 257
• totalitarian democracy  233–4
• totalitarian state  227
• Toulmin, Stephen  224
• tradition  210, 211, 218–19
• tragedy  140, 141, 158, 248
• Le Trahison des Clercs (Benda)  55
• transubstantiation  81
• trauma  56
• Treaty of Versailles  56, 84
• Treaty of Westphalia  17, 224
• tribalism  200, 205
• tribes  41, 191, 194, 264
• Trocmé, André  91
• Troilus and Cressida (Shakespeare)  35–6
• The True Believer (Hoffer)  42, 256
• trust  33, 34, 37
  • and reciprocol altruism  35
  • between strangers  39
• truth  229, 236
  • cannot be imposed by force  225, 234
• truth-as-story  171
• truth-as-system  171
• Turing, Alan  27
• Turkey  67–8
• Turks  56
• Tutsis  57
• tyranny  85

U

• United States
  • and Hitler  59, 60, 71
  • religious communities  38
  • see also America
• unity, and religion  229
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights  8, 263
• universalism  193, 195, 205, 264
• universalist culture  40
• universality  191, 197, 204, 205
  • of justice  202, 264
• University of Maryland  7
• Urban III, Pope  77
• Uriah  198

V

• van Gogh, Theo  14, 69
• Vatican II  90, 261
• vengeance  246–7
• vermin  57
• Versailles, Treaty of  56, 84
• Vespasian  220, 221
• victimhood  54, 58–61, 170, 259
• victims  158, 170, 172, 180, 249
  • and agency  250
  • and antisemites  261
• Vilks, Lars  68
• violence
  • and the Bible  190
  • and competition for scarce goods  254
  • and the Flood  194
  • and God  103
  • and groups  32, 75, 152
  • and hate  241
  • and identity  205
  • and literal reading of sacred texts  219
  • and mimetic desire  88, 136
  • and no rule of law  192
  • and rabbinic Judaism  217–18
  • and religion  10–12, 23, 39, 74, 87, 211, 225
  • and scapegoat  76
  • and sibling rivalry  100
  • and tribalism  200
  • and two world wars  101
• Violence and the Sacred (Girard)  74
• virtues  180
• visionary speeches  238–9
• Voegelin, Eric  230
• Volf, Miroslav  246
• Volkan, Vamik  56, 59
• Der Volkische Beobachter  59
• Voltaire  79
• voluntary associations  38
• voting  37

W

• Wahhabi Islam  262
• Walzer, Michael  233, 265, 266
• Wandering Jew  103
• Wannsee Conference  55
• The Warrior’s Honor (Ignatieff)  42
• wars  207, 208–9, 212, 216, 219, 224, 257
  • against Babylonia  218
  • and Fukuyama  178–9
  • and Maimonides  213–14
  • and Naím  20
  • and nationalism  101
  • and religion  16, 17, 211, 231
• the weak  266
• wealth  135, 137, 138, 142
• weapons, wearing or carrying  214–17
• Weimar system  84–5
• the West
  • losing religious faith  256
  • target of Islamists  259
• Westernisation  41
• Westphalia, Treaty of  17, 224
• will to life  255
• will to power  5, 255
• Wilson, Harold  229
• Wistrich, Robert  70
• witches  75
• Wood, Graeme  258
• World Order (Kissinger)  17
• World Trade Center attack  245
• ‘Written with a Pencil in the Sealed Wagon’ (Pagis)  252
• Wycliffe, John  16

X

• xenophobia  72, 73

Y

• Yaqub, Muhammad Hussein  67
• Yazidis  8
• Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim  90–1
• yetser  153
• Yochanan ben Zakkai, Rabban  218
• Yom Kippur  204, 222
• Yousafzai, Malala  25

Z

• Zaphenath-Paneah  149
  • see also Joseph
• Zealots  221
• Zechariah  39
• Zeus  47
• Zilpah  146
• Zipporah  187
• Zohar  219
• Zoroastrianism  47, 231